Telling America s Story Essay -- William F. Lewis Essays

corpulent America s Story The three assays of rhetorical criticism, Telling America s Story Narrative Form and the Regan governing by William F. Lewis, The Promiscuous Audience Controversy and the Emergence of the Early Woman s Rights Movement by Susan Zaeske, and Medicine, Rhetoric, and Euthanasia A Case Study in the whole works of a Postmodern Discourse by Michael J. Hyde each employ a variety of strategies to examine the rhetoric of three distinct situations. This paper lead contract to die each of the essays in a comparative manner. Specific anyy, it will evaluate the introductions, how effectively they are constructed, and how the essays follow according to the expectations set forth in the introductions.In Telling America s Story, Lewis starts by providing a quick explanation of the countrys status as Regan entered office. The referee is instantly introduced to the Western worlds almost gifted communicator. Lewis does not exit the reader with that viewpoint for lo ng as he goes on to explain the views of Regans critics. Arguments of Regans ideology without ideas and the New Republic editors comment that Ronald Regan has never let the facts get in the course of a good story begin to steer the reader toward a more objective state of mind. A fair balance of the dickens viewpoints is kept up(p) throughout the piece, but the overall feel of it seems to be geared toward the latter. It is not until half way down the second page of his essay that Lewis distinctly states his purpose, to fib for the distinctive reputation, style, and effect of Ronald Regans discourse. He even lists the two objectives that his essay will accomplish, which are explained later under headings that bear the same hold as the stated ... ...ike Lewiss topic. The question/answer method is effective in this essay because it gives the reader something to prepare for. The reader knows what to look for in the rest of essay and will be more attentive when reading. She does no t leave the reader hanging the rest of the essay is distinctly laid out and easily answers all questions.The look back of these essays showed that while rhetorical criticism does need to have formal structure, there are many ways for a critic to accomplish their objectives inwardly the check that basic structure. Although it is not always best choice for every situation, I feel that a shorter, more direct approach to an introduction, as in Hydes piece, is the most effective. I also thought that the question/answer format worked well for Zaske. It may have been the topic, but I found that the Hyde essay was the most winning overall. Telling America s Story Essay -- William F. Lewis EssaysTelling America s Story The three essays of rhetorical criticism, Telling America s Story Narrative Form and the Regan Presidency by William F. Lewis, The Promiscuous Audience Controversy and the Emergence of the Early Woman s Rights Movement by Susan Zaeske, and Medicine, Rhe toric, and Euthanasia A Case Study in the Workings of a Postmodern Discourse by Michael J. Hyde each employ a variety of strategies to examine the rhetoric of three distinct situations. This paper will attempt to dissect each of the essays in a comparative manner. Specifically, it will evaluate the introductions, how effectively they are constructed, and how the essays follow according to the expectations set forth in the introductions.In Telling America s Story, Lewis starts by providing a quick explanation of the countrys status as Regan entered office. The reader is instantly introduced to the Western worlds most gifted communicator. Lewis does not leave the reader with that viewpoint for long as he goes on to explain the views of Regans critics. Arguments of Regans ideology without ideas and the New Republic editors comment that Ronald Regan has never let the facts get in the way of a good story begin to steer the reader toward a more objective state of mind. A fair balance of t he two viewpoints is maintained throughout the piece, but the overall feel of it seems to be geared toward the latter. It is not until half way down the second page of his essay that Lewis clearly states his purpose, to account for the distinctive reputation, style, and effect of Ronald Regans discourse. He even lists the two objectives that his essay will accomplish, which are explained later under headings that bear the same name as the stated ... ...ike Lewiss topic. The question/answer method is effective in this essay because it gives the reader something to prepare for. The reader knows what to look for in the rest of essay and will be more attentive when reading. She does not leave the reader hanging the rest of the essay is distinctly laid out and easily answers all questions.The review of these essays showed that while rhetorical criticism does need to have formal structure, there are many ways for a critic to accomplish their objectives within the confines that basic stru cture. Although it is not always best choice for every situation, I feel that a shorter, more direct approach to an introduction, as in Hydes piece, is the most effective. I also thought that the question/answer format worked well for Zaske. It may have been the topic, but I found that the Hyde essay was the most engaging overall.

John Locke :: Empiricists, Empiricism

There he lay as a normal infant, red and whimpering. How does the mind of a baby grow to become one of the greatest political philosophers the world has known? From his response to the Puritan upbringing by his father, to The Reasonableness of Christianity, which John Locke create just five years before his death, John Lockes life demonstrates how God uses a mind dedicated to honest pursuit of ultimate Truth. On swaggering 9, 1632 he was born in the village of Wrington in Somercast. His father was a country solicitor and small landowner who fought in the English Civil contend on the Puritan side. During his early childhood, the king, Parliament, Protestants, Anglicans and Catholics all were in conflict with each other which lead to the civil war in 1640. In 1646 Locke attended Westminster school in London and graduated in 1652. That same year he began attending Oxford University. There he learned Latin, logic and metaphysics. Finally in 1656 he completed his B.A.. However he did not leave the school, but tutored there for 3-4 years first a lecturer of Greek in 1658 and then as lecturer of rhetoric in 1663. That year he decided to become a doctor and began studying. During this time, the appraisals of Robert Boyle and Descartes heavily impacted him and applied their ideas to philosophy. As he was working(a) to become a doctor, Locke met Lord Ashley who would later adopt the title of Earl of Shaftsbury. Lord Ashley employed him as a personal physician but he would too serve him as a secretary, political researcher, and political advisor. Through Lord Ashley, Locke became connected with the king of England, Charles II. When Charles II formed a colony in America, he gave Locke the duty of writing up a constitution. Later this constitution would become known as the Carolina Constitution and would be used by Americas Founding Fathers as a model for their Constitution. In the constitution he included ideas from the Westminster Confession as well as principals such as the Creator-Redeemer tubercle (the idea that the government can control mens outward behavior but should let God rule their hearts) and Liberty of Conscience (the idea that it is wrong for the government to force citizens to act against their consciences). Furthermore he included religious freedom and granted protection of the law to people 18 or older who were members of a church or claimed to be a believer in a higher power.

What would Jesus Do? Canteberry Tales Essay :: essays research papers

What Would Jesus Do?Between 1951 and 1991, forty-one Catholic priests in Chicago alone were charged with cozy misconduct (Philip Jenkins). This number has only increased over the past ten years, with the recent valiancy among Catholic women and children to come forth about sexual indecencies affiliated against them. But while the charges against the priests may be relatively new, the corruption within the clergy is certainly not. Priests abuse of their position can be traced back to the origin of the church itself through both stories and historical documents. In The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer exposes immorality in the church (both sexually and otherwise) through his introduction of various fictional char puzzle outers. Together, these characters demonstrate the ways in which the church has fallen away from its original purpose and designto make disciples of God through church members imitation of Jesus character.In efforts to inspire Christians to act righteously, as we ll as instill a sense of religious pride among young people, Christians have cleverly coined the phrase, What Would Jesus Do or simply, WWJD. Although the twist may be overused and somewhat childish, in the meaning behind the phrase lies the entire mission statement of Christian dome. The apostle Peter describes it by saying, To this you were called, because Christ suffered for you, going you an example, that you should follow in his steps, (1 Peter 221). The message is simple try to live as Christ lived. Of all people, about would expect the leaders of the church to strive the hardest for this level of Godliness. Quite ironically, however, Chaucer points out that the clergy possesses qualities opposite to those of Jesusnamely impurity, selfishness, and greed. The dictionary defines the word pure as being free of dirt, defilement, or pollution, and most Christians would agree that when the term is used in the bible, it means just that being free of the dirt, scum, corruption, and sin in the world. According to Paul, the grace of God and the nurtureings of Jesus teach us to say No to ungodliness and worldly passions, and to live self-controlled, upright and godly lives, (Titus 212). In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer shows that the clergy is doing anything but seeking after purity. The Friar is the take up example of this defilement of Christianity with his fulfillment of worldly pleasures in the areas of women and alcohol. Because of the attachment humans have to sex and their sexual partners, the Catholic Church is structured so that the leaders of the church remain celibate their entire lives.

Terrorism - Lets Terrorize the Terrorists :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Lets Terrorize the Terrorists   The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon-anything of this magnitude forces entirely thinking commonwealth to reflect of the state of the world. Questions like, how could anyone do this, gradually transform into, how can we prevent similar events in the future. Security measures depart be revised, perhaps immigration laws will be tightened and certainly aircraft procedures will be overhauled. But none of these things address the true cause of the attack. When we look at terrorism we assume motives like spectral fundamentalism or revenge for perceived injustices. Its true that these factors are present in most terrorist groups but lets delve a little deeper into the mechanism necessary for huge term or widespread campaigns against civilian targets. There are several resources that must be possessed if you want to manage a terrorist group...     ?  Money - zero in this world is free least of all weapons. ?& nbsp Recruits - In this sort of enterprise casualties are high and for each suicidal attack squad at that place must be at least three times their number of support staff and backup members. ?  A base of operations - To store materials, qualify troops and administer the organization.   So, if I were interested in preventing terrorism and if I had the power, what could be done to undermine these three necessary ingredients?   Money Even terrorist check bank managers. When you are dealing with millions of dollars in funding, or billions in the case of Osama bin Laden, you cant just hide it in the mattress. Money leaves traces, both in its erudition and in its expenditure. But government agencies are prevented from exploring these transactions too closely because of the security measures enforced by the worldwide banking industry.   Issues of privacy, liberty and sovereignty all do to bolster the banks resolution. I personally believe the banks have a responsibil ity to protect us from the effects of terrorist funds. If the UN identifies international terrorists, then the banks should freeze any and all funds that can be attributed to each group. National intelligence agencies should have limited rights to investigate financial links through the banks in an effort to swing these funds down. Its a question of priority. Is perfect privacy more important than the death and suffering of thousands?   Recruits Osama bin Laden is said to have thousands of supporters.

What is the federal theatre project Essay -- essays research papers

What Was The federal theatre Project????? Throughout the late 1920s an important theatrical movement developed The Workers Theatre Movement. In the end, it lessened around the middle of the 1930s, and one of the developments aiding the decline of the Workers Theatre Movement, was the creation of the federal official Theatre Project. The Federal Theatre Project was the largest and most motivated effort mount by the Federal Government to organize and produce theater events. Once the government took on the duty of putting people to work, it was able to consider the movement. The Federal Theatre Projects purpose was to provide relief work for theatrical artists that utilized their talents and to make their work widely available to ordinary Americans, then democratizing high culture. (www.answers.com) Furthermore the FTP tried to present theatre that was relevant soci all toldy, politically, and had popular prices, such as free shows. The maj ority of its famous productions, although not all of them, came out of New York City. New York had many units, such as, a classical unit, Negro unit, units performing vaudeville, childrens plays, puppet shows, caravan productions, and the new plays unit. The Federal Theatre Project was the only fully government-sponsored theatre ever in the United States. (Witham 16)During the late 1920s, in October 1929, the stock market crashed which led to the Great Depression. By overwinter 1930 through 1931, four million people were unemployed by March 1931, eight million. By the year 1932, when President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected, the national income was half that of 1929 there were xii million unemployed, moreover, there were one of four. Within two weeks of his inauguration, in the year 1933, FDR reopened terce-fourths of the Federal Reserve Banks and tried to save the economy. Many called Franklin Delano Roosevelts administration "the alphabetical Administration it was o ften ridiculed because it seemed to have so many different organizations designated by different groups of letters. (Witham 48) For example, the C. C. C., the Civilian Conservation Corps, started in the year 1933 and found jobs for over 250,000 men. The Federal Emergency Relief Act, or F. E. R. A., started in the year 1933, led by Harry Hopkins put $500 million back into circulation. By the year 193... ... held on the last day of the Federal Theatre Project existence, which was June 30, 1939. Fairly because of long held doubts that the FTP was fraught with Communists and fellow travelers and the18-month-long rehearsal time, Congress shut it down. The remaining three Arts Projects, Music, Art, and Writing, survived and were financed by Congress until the year of 1941. Concluding the Federal Theatre Project, it has accomplished the goal of introducing theatre to millions who had never seen theatre before. It employed thousands of people, initiated European expansive theatre and Livi ng Newspaper theatre techniques to the United States, and for this reason could be seen as a vast achievement. Work Cited1, Bordman, Gerald. American Theatre Chronicle of frivolity and Drama 1930- 1989. Chicago Oxford University consider, 1996.2. Manning, Susan H. Modern Dance, Negro Dance Race in Motion. Minnesota University of Minnesota Press, 20043. Witham, Barry. The Federal Theatre Project A Case Study. Nevada The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 2003. 4. http//memory.loc.gov/ammem/fedtp/ftwpa.html5. http//www.answers.com/topic/federal-theatre-project

What is the federal theatre project Essay -- essays research papers

What Was The Federal home parturiency????? Throughout the late 1920s an important theatrical exercise developed The constituteers Theatre Movement. In the end, it diminished around the middle of the 1930s, and one of the developments aiding the decline of the Workers Theatre Movement, was the creation of the Federal Theatre Project. The Federal Theatre Project was the largest and most motivated effort mounted by the Federal Government to organize and produce theater events. Once the government took on the duty of pose people to lay down, it was able to consider the movement. The Federal Theatre Projects purpose was to provide relief work for theatrical artists that utilized their talents and to make their work widely available to ordinary Americans, thus democratizing high culture. (www.answers.com) Furthermore the FTP well-tried to present theatre that was relevant socially, politically, and had popular prices, such as unbosom shows . The majority of its famous productions, although not all of them, came out of New York City. New York had many units, such as, a classical unit, Negro unit, units performing vaudeville, childrens plays, peter shows, caravan productions, and the new plays unit. The Federal Theatre Project was the only fully government-sponsored theatre ever in the United States. (Witham 16)During the late 1920s, in October 1929, the stock foodstuff crashed which led to the Great Depression. By winter 1930 through 1931, four one thousand million people were unemployed by March 1931, eight million. By the year 1932, when chair Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected, the national income was half that of 1929 there were twelve million unemployed, moreover, there were one of four. Within two weeks of his inauguration, in the year 1933, FDR reopened three-fourths of the Federal Reserve Banks and tried to save the economy. Many called Franklin Delano Roosevelts administration "the Alphabetical Admi nistration it was often ridiculed because it seemed to have so many different organizations designated by different groups of letters. (Witham 48) For example, the C. C. C., the Civilian Conservation Corps, started in the year 1933 and found jobs for over 250,000 men. The Federal Emergency Relief Act, or F. E. R. A., started in the year 1933, led by Harry Hopkins put $500 million back into circulation. By the year 193... ... held on the last day of the Federal Theatre Project existence, which was June 30, 1939. Fairly because of long held doubts that the FTP was fraught with Communists and fellow travelers and the18-month-long tale time, Congress shut it down. The remaining three Arts Projects, Music, Art, and Writing, survived and were financed by Congress until the year of 1941. Concluding the Federal Theatre Project, it has accomplished the goal of introducing theatre to millions who had never seen theatre before. It employed thousands of people, initiated European epic theatre and Living Newspaper theatre techniques to the United States, and for this reason could be seen as a vast achievement. Work Cited1, Bordman, Gerald. American Theatre Chronicle of Comedy and Drama 1930- 1989. Chicago Oxford University Press, 1996.2. Manning, Susan H. Modern Dance, Negro Dance Race in Motion. Minnesota University of Minnesota Press, 20043. Witham, Barry. The Federal Theatre Project A Case Study. Nevada The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 2003. 4. http//memory.loc.gov/ammem/fedtp/ftwpa.html5. http//www.answers.com/topic/federal-theatre-project

My Best Friend Essay

My Best friend. My best friend is a very special wench I grew up with, my sister Roberta. My sister Robert is two years younger than me, but everyone unendingly assumes she is older than me. She always laughs at me when I tease her by saying it must be because I look younger than her. We have been there for each other through all the important milestones in our lives from our brutal and fun childhoods, to our first day of school, to the births of our first born children.My sister Roberta loves working and being outdoors when she can. She also loves building things and using power tools sometimes I think she is half man and half woman. And she loves playing volleyball with a passion, when we play for fun or in any volleyball tournament we always play on the same team. She was my maid of honor when I married my husband twelve years ago, when I walked up to the alter, she jokingly told my husband, Im giving her to you, and once your married, you cant give her back ok. She made all of us laugh. She has been there for me and my husband and children when we needed help for anything. My sister has been there through the births of all my children, and she has seen me through the darkest times of my life when I lost two of my children and when I went through post-partum depression. She has always been a source of strength, and happiness end-to-end my life. There isnt anything I wouldnt do for my sister Roberta, as she has done so much for me.She calls me mom sometimes, because I am always sounding out for her and everyone in my family after we lost our mother. We make sure we get together at least once or twice a hebdomad for a girls night of stories, jokes, movies and laughter, or when we travel somewhere, we try to travel together and we always have tons of fun. We are always joking around there is never a dull moment when we are together. I thank the good Lord for blessing me with my awesome sister.

Gender Inequality in the Ancient World

Francesca Succi Dr. Brown Western Civ I 18 September 2012 Gender Inequality in the old-fashioned World Throughout history, wowork force have been regarded as unequal and subordinate to men. In the male-dominated Western culture, the issue of womens rights seems unending even thousands of years after the first evidence of sexual practice inequality, society has and to even the playing field. Although it seems like our culture is progressive, we thus far share many qualities with the ancient refinements of Mesopotamia and Greece.Women were in no way equal to men during these ancient propagation in fact, in some areas, they were considered subservient to men, with no rights or privileges. How perpetually, there were some areas of Ancient Greece that had a distinguishable model for social structure. The treatment of women in Mesopotamian culture differs greatly from that of Greek culture, as well as within Greece, between Lacedaemon and Athens despite this, gender inequality was s till present in each culture at some level.Of these three areas of the ancient world, Lacedaemon indisputably had the most progressive model for social structure, with Mesopotamia close behind. Athens, which seems like it would have the most imperfect model for society, actually had the highest level of gender inequality. In ancient times, there were several aspects of life that caused a divide between genders. First, and in all probability most obviously, women had divers(a) levels of responsibilities and several social roles within the different areas of the ancient world.In the most progressive social structure of Lacedaemon, women played an indispensable and essential part. Since the basis of their culture was to chink and sustain an unconquerable army, this occupied most of the time for almost all men, who left many responsibilities that the women needed to take on. Girls learned from age seven non only how to cook and unclothe and be a good housewife, but also everything that was required to represent an estate (Brown, Lecture, 2012). Young women were taught math and accounting so they would easily be able to take on and run an estate when they were older.Lacedaemon was unique among ancient Greek cities in the freedom it granted to its female citizensthis was partly due to reliance on women to manage estates while men were away at war (Sacks Sparta). This culture relied almost equally on both the men and women in society for very different jobs. Since the responsibilities were so evenly distributed, there was more of a sense of gender equality. Indeed, Lacedaemon was quite unique in this purpose to treat women relatively equally to men.The Mesopotamians, who were the second most liberal of these three areas, set women on a much lower pedestal than the Lacedaemonians Mutually exclusive extremes like male vs. female are at the core of ancient Near Eastern gender roles cuneiform makes it very plain that the place of a woman was considered the dom estic sphere, where she gave brook and raised children cooked, baked, and brewed made textiles by spinning, weaving, and sewing laundered and cleaned and kept the household running (Radner). The womens social roles and responsibilities were much more restricted than those of Lacedaemon women.They were only expected to clean and be a suitable housewife. One of the only similarities between Lacedaemon and Mesopotamia is that the women were held somewhat responsible for running the estate. Males and masculinity were associated with power and strength, while females and femininity were associated with passiveness and weakness. This probably sounds relatively familiar, because in the modern and post-modern eras, society still experiences these gender roles that were established in ancient times. Mesopotamia, the foundation of Western civilization, is where these moderately-conservative gender roles truly began.Even more extreme gender roles could be found in Athenian culture. Women were , in the most literal sense, inferior to men. The Athenians took the conservative gender roles that were found in Mesopotamia and inflated them to capacious proportions Male Greek society valued rational discourse, military courage, and physical endurance and self-restraint. Womenwere believed to be irrational, fearful, and ruled by physical desires. One reason whereforewomenwere kept secluded at home is that they were thought liable to sexual seduction (or other mischief) if they ventured out unescorted (Sacks Greece).Women were predominately seen as mothers they would be married off at a very young age, begin bearing children as soon as possible, and consequently died much younger than men, often during childbirth. Women were taught not to speak unless talk to, and were required to tag along beside their preserves the rare times they were ever permitted to leave the house. Although Athens was the birthplace of democracy and was one of the most progressive cities in history, th ey still stripped women of some of the most basic equality rights (Brown, Lecture, 2012).Athenian culture continued the gender stereotypes that began in Mesopotamia and exaggerated them to ostracize women in society more than the Mesopotamians or Lacedaemonians ever did. Women and men were separated not only in their social roles and responsibilities, but also in their legal rights and penalisations. In Mesopotamia, citizens were under the command of Hammurabis jurisprudence. Although this code was harsh in general, it is important not to compare the laws and punishments to modern or post-modern practices, but instead to compare Mesopotamian legal treatment of men vs. omen. Where men had to contain monetary fines for crimes that broke Hammurabis code, most times women had to pay with their lives. With more serious crimes, Hammurabi seemed to follow the eye for an eye philosophy when it came to men, but women were once once again subjected to more serious punishments, and men we re permitted to add to the abuse In addition to the punishments for a mans wife that are written on the tablet, a man may whip his wife, pluck out her hair, mutilate her ears, or strike her (Brophy 33).However, while men could physically abuse their wives with no penalty, women were sentenced to physical punishment if they laid a hand on their husbands. The one accommodation that the Code made for women is that they were allowed to own property. If the scenario arose where a woman was widowed, they would inherit the land that her late husband owned. Although the Code of Hammurabi was an effective ruling tool in Mesopotamia, it created a double standard that is still prevalent in society today. This double standard is seen not only in Mesopotamian culture, but in theAthenian society as well. The Athenians treated women as subservient and inferior, so naturally the laws would favor the males in the society over the females. Similarly to the Mesopotamians, the punishments for women we re more severe than those for men. Women had no rights in society, while most free men had the right to vote in the original democracy, whether it was in the multitude or the Council of 500 (Brown, Lecture, 2012). Since the Athenian double standard is more extreme than the Mesopotamian one, it seems clear that their law codes would in turn be more extreme.Athens solidified the gender inequality between men and women, and it lasted with pre-modern, modern, and post-modern eras. One of the cultures that went against the grain of gender inequality is the Lacedaemon society. Because the society was more inclined to equality between genders, the laws were more predisposed to be fairer towards women. Although the voting rights were similar to Athens, where only free men could vote, the women still had more rights than they ever would in Athens or Mesopotamia.As aforementioned, women were educated on how to run an estate in Lacedaemon, so even at a young age they had more privileges tha n women in other cultures (Brown, Lecture, 2012). Since women were so essential in the society, their rights, as well as their punishments for broken laws, would naturally follow the akin trend and be relatively evenly matched. After seeing all of these variances between different cultures, a logical progression of thought would lead one to ask, why? Why is there some much differentiation between cultures in the same time period, and even in similar geographical locations?The answer may lie in a group of people called the Dorians. The Dorians invaded and conquered the ancient city of Mycenae, taking the Mycenaeans as slaves (Brown, Lecture, 2012). Later on, the city developed into Lacedaemon. This sort of shift in power happened only in the Lacedaemon civilization, not in both the Mesopotamians and Athenians. It could be that the Lacedaemonians, so afraid of a slave uprising with their new political paradigm, developed a different system of gender roles to try to remedy the potent ial space (Sacks Sparta).This could be the reason that Lacedaemon differed so greatly from the other two civilizations, while Athens and Mesopotamia although they has some dissimilarities were relatively parallel to each other. Overall, each culture has at least some level of gender inequality woven throughout the society, despite the variances between levels of different cultures. No matter the level or callosity of gender separation, it is indisputable that women were treated as subservient and inferior to men.The developing Western civilization began a double standard between men and women that would perpetuate through thousands of generations, and is still prevalent today. This inequality between genders can be clearly identified in the ancient traditions, laws, customs and social structure. The issues of womens rights, nettlesome distribution of responsibilities and privileges, and unequal treatment based on gender are obviously not going away any time soon, because they h ave endured through thousands of years of societal development. Even post-modern era thinkers cannot eliminate this disparity.The everlasting discrepancies between genders are more a result of Athenian and Mesopotamian customs, rather than Lacedaemonian. Western civilization has always been, and very may always be, male-dominated. Works Cited Brophy, James M. , Cole, Joshua. , Epstein, Steven. , Robertson, John. Perspectives from the Past Primary Sources in Western Civilizations from the Ancient Near East through the long time of Absolutism. New York W. W. Norton & Co. , Inc. Print Brown, K. M. 2012. Lecture. York College of Pennsylvania. Radner, Karen. gender structures and roles in ancient Mesopotamia. Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World. New York Facts On File, Inc. , 2008. Ancient and Medieval report Online. Facts On File, Inc. Sacks, David. Sparta. Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World, Revised Edition. New York Facts On File, Inc. , 2005. Ancient and Medieval History Online. Facts On File, Inc. Sacks, David. women in ancient Greece. Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World, Revised Edition. New York Facts On File, Inc. , 2005. Ancient and Medieval History Online. Facts On File, Inc.

Osmosis Case Study Essay

These two Case Studies come from a National Center on Case Studies. I think that a case study approach is very useful in applying knowledge and this is what makes you learn it better. They whitethorn be a little daunt when you read them but I will help you go through them. Please ask for help so this topic becomes more enjoyable for you. sort IToo Much of a Good Thing Times were difficult in Habersham County. The skyrocketing prices of fuel and food were threatening to bankrupt the Johnson familys microscopic farm, which was no match for the multi-million-dollar mega-farms that had been popping up all everywhere the southeast.Joseph, the family patriarch, was especially troubled by the farms financial circumstances. He knew that this years maize crop was his best chance to save the farm, and his distress was evident to his family as they sat around the dinner table. Michael, Im going to motivation your help tomorrow, Joseph said to his eldest son. I have to go into town to pick up a part for the combine so I mint fix it before its time to harvest in a few months. I need you to spread the potash and phosphate on the lemon because were expecting some rain by the end of the week. Michael, his mouth full of fried chicken, nodded in agreement. He wasnt all that interested in farming, which over the years had been a point of contention between him and his father. At the moment Michael was thinking more about the time hed be deficient with his friends, but he also realized how vital this chore was to his father and the farm. Ill do it right after school, Dad, he replied. The following afternoon, Michael was loading grueling adhesive frictions of fertilizer into the drop spreader on the farm tractor. His fathers cheerless demeanor the previous evening weighed heavily on him.Michael knew that 25 bags of the super acid and phosphorous-based fertilizer was the normal load to cover the 40 acres of corn the family had planted that spring. But as he was emptying the 25th bag into the spreader, an thought flashed through his mind If we need a good corn crop to make it, maybe I should add a little extra fertilizer. Michael opinionated that some extra fertilizer couldnt hurt, so he quickly loaded 15 extra bags. He was genuine that adding the extra fertilizer would generate a massive crop when it came time to harvest in a few months.Michael hadnt told his father about the extra fertilizer hed added to the corn, wanting to see his fathers surprise over the size of the harvest in a few months. As expected, the rain started Friday afternoon Michael was certain it would start an incredible growth spurt in the newly fertilized, schoolboyish corn plants and that his family would hit pay dirt in a few months. He was out of bed early on Saturday morning, taking his four-wheeler down to the cornfields. He expected to see a vibrant green sea of young corn, extra healthy due to the fertilizer boost he had given them.His stomach dropped a bit as he s tared out at a field of sickly looking corn plants, their leaves pale green and slightly wilting. Maybe it rained too hard and that beat the plants up a little, thought Michael, nerve-racking to be optimistic. Ill check on them again in a few days. Im sure theyll have perked up by wherefore The next few days didnt bring the results Michael was hoping for. The corn plants looked even worse The leaves were beginning to yellow significantly and were continuing to wilt. Having watched his father grow corn for most of his 14 years, Michael knew this crop wasnt going to make it.A lump was forming in his throat as he made his way spikelet to the house, not sure how to tell his father about the corn. Questions 1. What sort of environment (hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic) did the extra fertilizer create around the roots of the corn? 2. Keeping in mind your answer to the previous question, what do you believe caused the corn plants to wilt and eventually die? 3. If Michaels mistake had be en caught earlier, is there anything that could have been done to bar the corn from dying? 4. Generally, people water their plants with 100% H2Ono solutes added.What sort of environment does this create around the roots of the plant? Part IIToo Little, Too Late Meanwhile, elsewhere in Habersham County, Tom was feeling slightly nervous as he exited the staff lounge and entered the hustle and dither of County Hospitals ER to begin his first shift as an RN. The first few hours of his shift passed slowly as Tom mostly check into vital signs and listened to long-sufferings complain about various aches, pains, coughs, and sniffles.He realized that the attending physician, Dr. Greene, who was rather oldschool in general about how he interacted with nursing staff, wanted to start him out slowly. Tom knew, though, that the paramedics could bring in a trauma patient at any time. After his lunch break, Tom didnt have long to wait before the paramedics burst in through the swinging double- doors of the ambulance bay wheeling in a young man on a gurney.Edward, a veteran EMT, recited the vital signs to Tom and Dr. Greene as they helped push the gurney into the trauma room, 18-year-old male, GSW to the right abdomen, heart rate 92, respiratory rate 22, blood compact 95/65, no loss of consciousness. A gunshot wound Tom knew that gunshot wounds were sometimes the most difficult traumas to handle. Once inside the trauma room, Dr. Greene began his initial assessment of the patient while Tom got busy organizing the things he knew would be needed. He attached a pulse-ox monitor to the patients index riff so Dr. Greene could keep an eye on the O2 levels in the patients blood and he inserted a Foley catheter so the patients urine take could be monitored. After finishing his initial duties, Tom heard Dr.Greene saying, It looks like the bullet missed the liver and kidney, but it may have severed an artery. Thats probably why his BP is a bit low. Tom, grab a liter of saline and start a fast IV drip we need to improver his blood volume. Tom grabbed one of the fluid-filled bags from the nearby shelf, attached a 12-gauge IV needle to the plastic tubing, and gently slipped the needle into the patients antecubital vein. He then hung the plastic bag on the IV stand and let the fluid quickly start to flow down the tubing and into the patients vein.The reaction was quick and violent. The patients heart rate began to skyrocket and Tom heard Dr. Greene shouting, His O2 saturation is falling Pulse is quickening What is going on with this guy? Tom stood frozen in place by the fear. He heard Dr. Greene continuing, Flatline Weve lost a pulse Tom, get the crash cart, we need to fog this guy to get his heart going again Tom broke free from his initial shock and did as Dr. Greene had ordered. He then started CPR as Dr. Greene readied the cardiac defibrillator to shock the patient.They continued to alternate between CPR and defibrillation for almost an hour, but to n o avail. As Dr. Greene announced the time of death, Tom felt a sickening feeling in the pit of his stomach. He couldnt believe that he had lost his first trauma patient Then Tom detect that the fluid in the Foley catheter bag was bright red. Dr. Greene, theres hemoglobin in the Foley bag, he said. How could that be? responded Dr. Greene. Tom began to trace back over his step in the trauma, trying to think of anything that could have caused the hemoglobinuria.His mounting fear turned to outright terror as he looked at the now empty bag on the IV stand. Its label didnt read Saline, but rather Distilled Water. He looked at Dr. Greene, his heart quickly sinking, and said, I think I may have killed the patient. Questions 1. What problem did the distilled water in the patients bloodstream create? 2. What happed to the patients blood cells as a result? 3. Considering the pass of red blood cells, why did the patients oxygen levels fall? 4. After Tom made his error, is there anything th at could have been done to save the patients life?

Organic food Essay

We have all told heard the phrase What you dont cognise wont hurt you and it has undoubtedly utilise to many situations in our lives that we be still unaware of. We like to toss around this phrase with come out worrying too much about(predicate) what it implies because that is the whole sharpen of the phrase, not to worry. When it comes to what we are putting into our bodies, though, what we do not hold up can indeed hurt us immensely. In the United States, we have grown wedded to not thinking much about what we are consuming. The main factors we look for in intellectual nourishment are taste and price.We live in a consumer ball club where money rules our nation, it rules our lives, and it rules us. Money has become the main focus for every decision we make, but when it comes to something as important as our wellness, should we look at a hardly a(prenominal) other factors? With societies concerns focusing on wealth and profit, there is no surprise that the sustenance i ndustry finds the cheapest ways to produce the most food. Consequently, this produces many negative cause on aspects of our lives such as our health and the purlieu. When choosing what foods to consume, we should begin to pay more than aid to factors other than the price tag.The food industry obviously plays a big(a) role in this epidemic of processed food, but they are not the only ones to blame. Yes they are the ones taking advantage of our ignorance by mass-producing cheap food that they eff we will not think twice about, but the ignorance is our fault. Author of The Omnivores Dilemma, Michael Pollan, describes the current foundation of the food industry, Our food system depends on consumers not subtle much about it beyond the price disclosed by the checkout scanner. Cheapness and ignorance are mutually reinforcing (Pollan 245).Pollan is correct in his assumption that most Americans do not know much about their food besides how much it cost. Most of them are not even awar e that they do not know what is in their food. They subconsciously assume that chicken is chicken and cheese is cheese, but unfortunately that is hardly ever the case. Many good deal choose to live on these guidelines of ignorance is bliss by not paying attention to the horror stories of the food industry they turn their heads from documentaries on animal treatment and plug their ears at the reference work of the real ingredients of their precious snacks.As long as the food they are eating tastes good and did not cost a lot of money, they are subject area with not knowing how unhealthy it might be. Pollan further explains another reason people buy the cheapest available food It makes good economic sense that people with limited money to spend on food would spend it on the cheapest calories they can find, especially when the cheapest caloriesfats and sugarsare precisely the ones offering the biggest neurobiological rewards.(Pollan 108) People with overturn incomes are confined t o buying cheap food, typically the most processed and unhealthy food, because with their limited funds they cannot afford to care about the quality of what they are eating. They buy what is cheapest because that is all they can get. As long as they have food in their stomachs, they do not complain or worry too much about the side affects. Eating food that may not be very healthy definitely outweighs the alternating(a) of eating nothing and starving.Americans are ignorant of the food that they purchase either because they choose not to educate themselves or because they really have no choice. Either way, they are missing out on other possibilities of obtaining food that have many advantages. Not knowing what our food is made of also prevents us from knowing what alternative food options are available to us. Because we see no problems with our current food choices, we see no reason to discover new ones. The processed food at the supermarket is all we know because it is the most conve nient and affordable from of nourishment we can obtain.Pollans book includes the testimony of someone who buys food from a local, organic farmer, for me its all about the taste, which is just so differentthis is a chickinier chicken. Arts chickens just taste cleaner, like the chicken I remember when I was a josh (Pollan 252). The food available from local farmers is not only better for our health and the environment but it also tastes better. We have grown accustomed to the artificially flavored food we buy from grocery stores and do not realize that the food we eat could taste better and more natural.The locally grown food tastes healthier and more natural because that is precisely what it is. The artificially engineered taste of chicken in a common chicken nugget is not what a chicken should taste like. Besides raise taste, buying from local farmers offers many other benefits as well. An organic farmer interviewed in The Omnivores Dilemma explains some more benefits of buying lo cally, With our food all of the costs are figured into the price.Society is not bearing the cost of water pollution, of antibiotic resistance, of food-borne illnesses, of crop subsidies, of subsidized oil and waterof all the apart(p) costs to the environment and the taxpayer that make cheap food seem cheap. (Pollan 243) One of the main reasons why people do not want to look into these alternative methods of eating is because they are more expensive. People overlook these opportunities because the organic food appears overprice, but when you evaluate all these factors it might not be as overpriced as you might think. Yes the food is more expensive but it stands true that you get what you pay for.When paying more, you are receiving a whole lot more that benefits your health, community, and environment. The extra money that would be spent on food, you might save on your medical bills and taxes. Locally produced food is healthier for you and it carries a much less(prenominal) chance of containing disease and illness. Another bonus of buying from local farms there is less pollution created than in the factories and slaughterhouses of the globalized food industry. If people became aware of alternative food options and the benefits associated with them, they would be more inclined to pay better attention to what they are buying.This would not only improve ones personal health, but also the environment. Although money clay a very important role in deciding what we purchase, it would benefit us to consider a few other aspects of the food that we buy. Paying attention to details such as what goes into the food, where it is produced, and how it is produced would lead us to make healthier decisions. More often than not, a satisfying answer to these questions will not be found in the food at our local supermarkets, but rather a local farmer. Buying from these farmers would mean supporting a healthy environment and body.Their production methods are healthier and much more environmentally friendly than any factories in a big-name food industry. While it may seem that this is a simple choice, many Americans will continue to ignore these truths. When it comes down to it, money rules everything and it will take a lot more than the promise of better health for people to overlook a price tag. They say ignorance is bliss, but when that ignorance leads to decisions that contaminate our bodies and our environment, the bliss will be short lived.

“Growing Up” Paper Essay

The book Growing Up is about the author Russell Baker and about his worklihood developing up in the early 1900s. He lived through many hardships while he was growing up including his father, Benny, dying, his mformer(a) having to give up one of her children for adoption, and financial support through the neat depression. Although his experience with the great depression was really bad I believe that Russell had a little bit above average life compared to other muckle living in that time period.Russell was affected by the depression in many ways while growing up. Because his mother couldnt find a job she had a very difficult time supporting her family. Because of this, His mother let Bennys brother adopt their female child Audrey to ease the financial burden on their family. (Baker p.85) Russell grew up without a sister that he would had had if it werent for the great depression. Not only did the great depression proceed up Russells family, it also forced them to move away f rom his childhood home and live with his uncle Allen. (Baker p.88) Russell writes that his mother was originally going to stay there until she form a steady job and could rent an apartment for herself. (Baker p.88) However this didnt work out and she ended up staying there a lot longer.Allen is self-assured that he has a steady enough job to make it through the depression just fine but he eventually takes in his brothers Charlie and Hal as well. It proves too much and Russell and his mother move yet again, this time to Baltimore, where Russell is forced to find a job as a paper boy to friend his mother out all that he can. The Bakers chill out fall on hard times and at one point they have trouble acquiring money even for fodder. As a result of this they turn to the government to receive handouts just to eat. (Russell p.200)In the book, Russell explains how his mother had to move out of their house and live with her brother and his uncle Allen because the great depression had st arted and his mother couldnt find a job. (Baker p.88) Although thisis a bad situation to be in I feel that during the great depression it wasnt so bad considering there were people who had no home at all and actually had to sleep outside on newspapers.. (As shown by photo 3 in the powerpoint.) There were lots of people during the depression that has it a lot worse than Russell Baker. Russell and his family never actually had to deal with being homeless. It was very common in large cities to have ramshackle shantytowns called Hoovervilles spring up on abandoned land that was basically a town of homeless people seeking shelter in homemade huts. (Foner p.637) (Photo6)Baker and his mother also managed to both find jobs in the city Baltimore. They werent well paying jobs and they still had to turn to the government for food handouts but they still managed to get jobs. Unemployment was such a big issue during the depression that whole companies were going under and finale down, like U.S. Steel, who had 225,000 employed workers before 1929 and by the end of 1932 had zero. (Foner p.636) The fact that Russell and his mother both managed to find and keep jobs in Baltimore meant that they had it better that a lot of other people living in that city and they were very fortunate,The depression hit so hard in the major cities that people decided to start despicable out to the country to try to grow food for their family on farms. In fact during the great depression more than 33 million people lived on farms. That was more than any previous point in American history. (Foner p.637) Russell Baker and his family never had to lapse to such extreme measures. They never had to grow their own food to be sure that they could eat that night. Not that conditions were any better in the cracker-barrel farm areas. By 1930 some unusually dry weather had devastated the rural America, causing the soil to dry up and a very severe drop in crop production. (Foner p.650) Things got so dry t hat the wind started blowing the topsoil away, creating the stud bowl which was basically giant sand storms that would decimate entire towns and homes. (Photo 5) Its safe to say that it was a good thing Russell and his family didnt have to resort to living out in the dust bowl like so many other Americans.Russell was also able to attend college after he calibrated high school. This is another point that illustrates how good Russell had it during the depression. Not many people had the privilege to go to college during this time period. Lots of people were either unemployed or working very hard at a job they were desperate to keep. The job situation had become so bad that the government started organizations specifically for creating jobs in America such as the NRA the AAA and the CCC. (Foner p.67) Knowing that there were so few jobs that the government had programs specifically to create jobs makes you think just how lucky Russell was to be able to go to college during the great d epression.I do not believe that Russell Bakers experience was the average experience during the great depression. Knowing what Ive read from the Foner text and looking at the pictures on the powerpoint, I think it paints a much different picture for the average experience of the great depression. sensation of desperation and sadness that just doesnt show up in Russells story. Compared to todays life for most people He absolutely had it rough but in a nation filled with homeless starving desperate people Russell didnt have it so bad. I think that he was very fortunate to live the way he did during the depression.

Accounting standards and principles Essay

In 1973, international accounting standards committee issued international accounting standards (IAS) which lasted till 2000 when they were replaced by IFRS. These are standard based normals, accounting practices guidelines, interpretations and framework adopted by the (IASB) (Epstein & Jermakowicz, 2010). In 2001, IASC was replaces by IASB which was mandated in setting international accounting standards. The objective of IFRS is to make companies monetary statements to reflect truth and fair view of companies affairs as at particular date (Epstein & Jermakowicz, 2010).Gener all in ally accepted accounting standards are principles and accounting guidelines accept by a given territory, jurisdiction or most countries especially the United States to supplement the role and objectives of IFRS. monetary statements should be presented, summarized and recorded based on particular generally convections, rules, ethics and standards in a certain jurisdiction i. e. GAAP. Formulation of GAA P and IFRS For consistency and fairness in fiscal statements which detail the effect of a company, certain rules and standards must apply.See more Satirical elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essayThese are commonly referred to as generally accepted and all accounting professionals apply them as appropriate and ethical. Failure to apply them in accounting field result to agreed penalty by either soundbox governing the practice or the territory restraining unethical practices to professionals. Various committees and bodies are put in places as setters which formulate and develop these accounting standards. external Financial reporting standards are developed and formulated by International Accounting Standards Board while Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are formulated by local financial reporting standards board.In the United States, the establishment and development are influenced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), American Institute of cognizant Public Accountants (AICPA), Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) (Miller & Bahnson, 2002). All these bodies and committees have unlike roles and objectives which are agreed upon on influence to different accounting sectors profession generally accepted principles.International financial reporting standards are based in International Accounting Standards which are accepted globally. ISA changed its operations in 2000 and IFRS were added to cope with the changing dynamics of global accounting profession. Through discussions, contributions and comparison agreements, different bodies through their representatives contribute to the principles developed by IASB. Complete office in all technical matters that include preparation and issuing of international financial reporting standards, are based on the selected IASB (ISCF& IASB, 2007).Thus, the efforts of IASB involves, setting standards, formulating process of adopt ing standards ensuring the require of different countries in the globalizing accounting profession (Mwaura & Nyaboga, n. d). Difference between GAAP and IFRS GAAP and IFRS have difference in their jurisdiction of usage, enforcement and the way these standards are formulated. International financial reporting standards are globally recognized accounting standards, which are set by IASC from 1973 to 2001 and from 2001 by IASB. GAAP are accounting standards recognized as generally accepted by the United States.In summarizing, recording and presenting accounting information within a nation, the process is dictated by rules and convection of GAAP in the United States. International accounting standard board does not directly set or wangle provisions of rules and convections adopted by GAAP. Standards set by this powerful board are based from agreements and suggestions from various local accounting boards e. g. Kenya accounting board (KAS). Various nations will try to incorporate the s et standards within the GAAP in their country.FASB in America has a mandate to set accounting rules, convection and standards that are later adopted by the US GAAP (Mwaura & Nyaboga, n. d). This content that the role of formulating and evolution the rules and standards principally lie to the local accounting boards. Various nations have made it compulsory for their accounting practice to adopt IFRS rather than developing jurisdiction GAAP (Mwaura & Nyaboga, n. d). In addition, differences on the implementation and formulation exist in financial presentation between GAAP and IFRS.These differences are commonly in consolidation, statement of income format, inventory valuation and recognition, earning per share calculations and development cost recognition in financial statement. For example, in United States, consolidated financial statements are prompt on risk and reward models while international financial reporting standards prefers control based model where consolidation is don e on the percentage of control and influence in subsidiaries and associates (Forgeas, 2008).Risks and rewards is more complicated since risk are subjective valued. Extraordinary items such as depreciation and amortization are included in the income statements under IFRS and in the US GAAP are accounted for after net income. This representation extraordinary expenses are not taken to contribute net bread (Forgeas, 2008). Under the US GAAP, companies have option to use either LIFO OR FIFO regularitys of inventory valuation while in IFRS, LIFO method which is historical valuation method is recommended.When computing for earning per share under IFRS average on interims calculations are not included whereas in the US GAAP, computation requires that unmarried interim increase in shares be done averagely (Forgeas, 2008). Capitalization on development expenditure is done under IFRS and recognized as fixed addition while in the US GAAP capitalization is not done on development expenditur e but is accounted for in income statement as expenses (Forgeas, 2008). some other difference between GAAP and IFRS is how transactions are interpreted to mean. It is commonly argued that GAAP within a nation is rule based and IFRS is principle based.This means that transactions are interpreted based on the stated rules and standards. Ruled based interpretations lies with the professional judgment on certain transaction treatments in account. For principle based interpretation, the IFRS provide on more judgmental way to interpret transactions. This implies that principles are there to the interpretation of transaction and in rule based is on the professional judgment. The problems arise on whether judgment is accurate professional judgment or guessed professional judgment to transactions treatment (Forgeas, 2008). Benefits of GAAP and IFRSUses of standardized procedures to financial statements summarizing, recording and presentation to the users bears a number of benefits to both t he reporting entity and the user such as shareholder, lenders, creditors or the government taxation organ. Adoption of GAAP in the US and IFRS by other countries gives significant economic and financial benefits to decision making. Both approaches give consistency in managing companies and it is easy to compare companies using the same standards. Both standards put strict measures on deviation from the rules and ethics in a particular standard.In most countries for a company to trade ordinary GAAP and IFRS must be followed and they require all financial statements be subjected to an independent audit and opinion thereby be given on the pertinence of standards in the company. These independent accountants (auditors) must certify financial statements and any notes to financial statement have been prepared and to be presented in accordance of either of the standard. These 2 provide adequate explanations and definitions to transactions, provide needed assumptions to these transaction and methods applied in either computations or accounting for the transaction.By this, companies are able to follow the requirements grade by year enhancing comparisons/benchmarks between companies and consistency in business operations. Valuation of various assets and liabilities both at the start and at the end of the year would be different between companies giving hectic time in comparison and auditing. These two standards enhance transparence and uniformity of valuation procedures of assets. For example, valuation of assets like investing and stocks unrealized profits can be ambiguous if such standards are not in place.Conclusion To make financial statement present a true and fairly performance and position of the business at a particular date, financial accounting standards are needed. High quality standards need to be set for reliable information that is adequate and useful to investor or creditor. These high quality standards and enforcement will provide transparency in bu siness operations and advocate full discloser to financial information which gives consistent application making statement user perform comparison of year by year and among competing companies.

The Azande

There ar several institutions at play in modern day American culture function inning similarly to the witchery among the Cezanne people. For instance, within my culture, the Government dictates who punished when confronted with a crime. While The Cezanne place e the blame on witchcraft.Both use justice in a sense to place blame for an unfortunate happy inning, whether it be decided by an oracle, or common law. Whether it be a judge or an oracle, a sentencing verdict is decided in both cult rues. The ship canal of American law may be seen as more civilized, and the Cezanne may seem tab 00. The methods of the poison oracles, which included the envenoming of animals to observe t heir deaths and make assessments, is vaguely similar to the tests done on rodents, and former(a) animals in research labs.Both of which can and piss been labeled unorthodox in the past. Its SAA d in The Cezanne culture that witches may have caused harm unintentionally, and that sorcerer s do so intentionally. Also, related in our society is the psychopath. Some believe that you are both with an instinct to kill without selector, while others believe that you are stringently Think about the ways in which members of your society are compelled to bee eave in socially acceptable ways. How do these differ from one another?Members of todays society are expected to behave in socially acceptable way due to fear of retribution. For example, due to the impending threat of prison, or other capital punishment, a crime would usually not be committed. These means of socially behaviors differ from each other greatly. To contrast American Culture who mainly have incessant criminals with faulty intentions, The Cezanne only have sorcerers with a vendetta against the victim. The Cezanne can only speculate whom they argued with has hexed them.They also have ways to reprimand, although their old unethical forms of punishment, such as tying individuals to ant hills have been done away with. Both measures were used as a basis of r social control. Is in that respect a logic to The Cezanne belief in witchcraft and the casualty of misfire nun? Within The Cezanne culture, there is a logic behind their belief in witchcraft an d the casualty of misfortune. While reading a section from Culture Sketches by Holly Peters Golden, the quote from an Cezanne man put many aspects of The Azans De thought process into perspective.After a man had hanged himself, due to an altercate on with his brothers the man stated only crazy people commit suicide if everyone who was angry with their brothers committed suicide there would soon be no people left in t he world if the man had not been bewitched he would not have done what he did do (19 37. 71 v Personally, this quote opened my eyes to the ways that someone raised in HTH complex finish would make sense of a tragedy. It is very en lightening to s e the says brains execute dissimilar ideas based on your upbringing in different par TTS of the world.Do y ou employ logic that is similar or different when explaining negative even Are there several different systems of logic that may be invoked, depending on the circumstances? Tend to enjoy logic that is differs from my own, when negative events are bee Eng explained. In other words to seeing an event occur from anothers viewpoint I n their own words. Hearing logic that is not the same as your own on sensitive topics with out prejudice, and seeking knowledge where you may be ignorant allows a differed t system of logic.Depending on the circumstances, there are several different logical systems t hat may be invoked. When those gnarled are from different backgrounds, with u unlike views, and beliefs to base their opinions upon. Most logical people would never take witchcraft into question, perhaps they would say that it was an accident. But macrocosm raise Diana community where sorcery is common practice, you would not think any differ entry. What you are taught from a young age in you r community resonates into the ways t hat the person you will becomes handles misfortune.

Caribbean Literature

The evolution of Caribbean Literature started centuries onwards the Europeans graced these shores and continues to develop today. Quite noticeably, it developed in a manner which transcended all language barriers and cultures. like a shot the languages of the Caribbean be rooted in that of the colonial powers France, Britain, Spain and Holland whose diachronic encounters ar quite evident through issue the region.The cosmopolitan temperament of the regions language and cultural diversity develop from the mixture of European languages with Native American languages (mainly the Caribs and Arawaks) in the governance of creoles and local patois (hybrid languages) and those of Africans brought to the Caribbean as slaves, not withstanding the contributions of Asians mainly from India and China, and Middle Easterners. The fabric of Caribbean Literature is woven with the historical issues of enslavement and forced migration, the related themes of home and exile, and colonialism and d ecolonization.The social and cultural themes of tradition, landscape, culture and community are alike encompassed by Caribbean Literature. It also addresses such universal questions as identity, sexuality, family life, pain, joy, and the uses of the imagination. It is virtually impossible to keep Caribbean Literature save within the confines of writings produced within the Caribbean Islands. Caribbean Literature also transcends the borders of Central and South America extending to the shores of Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and coastal areas of Colombia, Nicaragua, Belize and Honduras.Evidence of aspects of Caribbean Literature can also be seen in literary whole works produced in miscellaneous areas of the USA including Miami and saucy Orleans. Works of Caribbean Literature have also been produced by people of Caribbean ancestry who do it primarily in Europe and major urban centers of the United States. ORAL LITERATURE Oral writings can be considered as the earliest form of Caribbean Literature consisting mainly of rich mob- tale traditions, legends andmyths, songs and poetry. Today this legacy is resplendent in popular music such as the CALYPSO, the Cuban SON, and the Puerto Rican BOMBA in the traditions of storytelling originating out of West Africa and India and in supernatural tales from African religions, including SANTERIA, LUCUMI,VODUN (vodoo), and SHANGO. Proverbs, riddles, and sayings that reinterpret African, European, and East Indian traditions are also virtually prominent in Caribbean literature.Among these are Anancy (a cunning spider) stories animal dilema tales, which typically teach a moral lesson stories of liquidation life or evil women tall tales and rhetorical flourishes, such as boasting, toasts, and speeches. PRE AND POST INDEPENDENCE literary WORKS Autobiography and poetry were the most prevalent literary works from the 16th century to the mid(prenominal) 19th century. In these works were introduced themes that became common in Caribbean literature exile, migration, displacement and questions of identity.The write up of Mary Prince, a West Indian Slave, (Related by Herself), is the most prominent of these writings in English. Early Caribbean writings in Spanish proverb that of the autobiography of the slave Juan Francisco Manzano of Cuba in the 1820s and 1830s, Jose Maria Herida Placido ( a slave who was executed in1844 for his federal agency in a slave uprising) and the Cuban anthropologist Miguel Barnet. Max Urena of the Dominican Republic produced nationalist works in the 19th century. The French speaking Caribbean power saw works by Emeric Bergeaud and Desmevar Delorme.Distinct national literary traditions began in the 20thcentury because some Caribbean countries gained their independence before this period. Twentieth century Caribbean literature can be divided into three periods the primary thirty years during colonial rule the years just prior to independence between the 1940s and 1960s or later, and the period after independence. During the fledgling years (1930s) a movement celebrating African culture and values pink wine to prominence. The movement originated in France and was called NEGRITUDE.However, its founders include Leon Gontran Damas of French Guiana and Aime Cesaire of Martinique. Rene Maran of Martinique won the Prix Goncourt (a French literary prize) with the novel Batouala (1921) which called for identification with sour culture. In the Spanish speaking Caribbean African themes were presented in a most exotic manner, highlighting African and black identity for artistic inspiration. Prominent writers in this movement include Luis Pales Matos from Puerto Rico and Emillo Ballagas from Cuba.The works of Cuban poet Nicolas Guillen from the 1930s share sentiments with the politics of NEGRITUDE and address issues surrounding the struggle against colonialism. Alejo Carpentier, also of Cuba, achieved recognition with his novels in which he explores the histo ry and sources of Caribbean culture. The English speaking Caribbean abounds with prominent writers including Jamaican novelist Tom Redcam (Thomas Macdermot), Claude Mckay, Jamaican born poet, and perhaps the best cognize writer of this generation internationally.Mckay later became unrivalled of the leading writers of Harlem Renaissance, a flowering black culture in New York in the 1920s and 1930s. Other writers who rose to prominence during this period are C. L. R. James of Trinidad, whose works aver against colonialism and help to define the anticolonial political and cultural struggles of his time. He was also instrumental in the formation of the literary magazines Trinidad (founded 1929) and the Beacon founded (1931) these publications were instrumental in the development of a Caribbean literary tradition.Alfred Mendes and Ralph de Boissiere (Trinidadians) both contributed articles and poetry to the magazines. PRE INDEPENDENCE spiritual rebirth This period saw the emergence of a generation of writers whose works sought after liberation and presented a distinctive portrait of Caribbean culture. The Jamaican Vic Reid, looks forward to a new day of independence with his novel New Day (1949) the displaced, downtrodden, urban population of the Caribbean is portrayed by Roger Mais also of Jamaica.He also experiments with jazz rhythms in his language, speckle Una Mason, a Jamaican poet uses blues rhythm in her poetry collections. A vivid portrait of Guyanas countryside and federation is presented by Edgar Mittleholzer in his novel A Morning At The Office (1950). On the other hand, one of the first and most important Caribbean works dealing with childhood and coming of age in a colonial context was produced by George Lamming, from Barbados, in the novel In The Castle Of My Skin (1953).This novel focuses on the struggles of three young boys with poverty, a colonial education, social change and the forging of an identity hovering in the scene is the promise of migration to the metropolitan centers. The mythology of Native Americans and Africans is emphasized in Wilson Harriss novel Palace of the Peacock (1960), while Martin Carters Poems of tube seek liberation from colonial rule. During this period a number of female writers were also very active. Beryl Gilroy of Guyana wrote novels, childrens stories, and an autobiography.Sylvia Wynter of Jamaica incorporates elements of folk culture into her work. From Dominica, Phyllis Shand Allfrey won recognition for her analysis of colonial power in her work, while jean Rhys stock critical acclaim for novels about women caught in situations they are unable to change. POST INDEPENDENCE This period saw the emergence of poets from the English speaking Caribbean Derek Walcott from Saint Lucia is perhaps the best-known Caribbean writer internationally. In 1992 he won the Nobel Prize for literature. In addition to poetry, Walcott is well known as a playwright.At the same time Eduard Kamau Brathwait e challenged the titular structures of European poetry by adopting the rhythms, references, and language of the African and Afro- Caribbean traditions. Brathwaite broadened the possible use of language in his works for a number of subsequent writers, including Jamaican oral poets Mutabaruka, Linton Quesi Johnson, and John Binta Breeze. Earl Lovelace and V. S. Naipaul count among other noted English language writers born in Trinidad and Tobago. Naipaul received recognition for novels that focus on East Indians living in the Caribbean.Lovelace whose works won a Commonwealth prize wrote on issues of poverty, education, and village life. The French speaking Caribbean saw prominent contemporary writers in Daniel Maxim of Guadeloupe and Edouard Glissant and Patrick Chamoiseau of Martinique. Chamoiseau explores issues of black identity, and creole cultural identity. The latter was produced along with Jean Bernabe and Rafael Confiant. Chamoiseau won the Pri Goncourt for his novel Texaco (1929). Noted female writers are Maryse Conde of Guadeloupe who is considered a significant voice among female writers, having won several French prizes for her literary work.Simone Schwarz -Bart, also of Guadeloupe, writes of the search for identity while Nancy Morejon of Cuba is recognized as a leading poetic voice. Her collection entitled Cuaderno de Granada 1984 (Grenada Notebook, 1984) honors those who participated in Grenadas socialist revolution in 1983. Caribbean writers have impact greatly on the international arena and have gained worldwide recognition for their numerous works. Literary critics are also recognizing the Caribbean roots of some African American writers who are explicit about their Caribbean parentage

Smoking Should Be Made Illegal

Kelvin Omogbeme CIGARETTE SMOKING SHOULD BE verboten IN THE SAME WAY AS OTHER ILLEGAL DRUGS Tobacco is one of the most wide used drugs in the world, mainly in the form of a laughingstock. Although most countries have tried to specify the use of tobacco, tribe still mountain everyday despite the fact that it is poisonous and vituperateful to their wellness. r spike end smoking has been part of our lives for many decades now. Whether cig atomic number 18ttes should be banned or not becomes an object of controversy for many countries. Smokers claim that smoking helps in reducing their stress and in addition it strengthens the economy.But the negative aspect of smoking outweighs the positive. have is a bad habit, and it is not good for human health. Cigarette smoking has seriously negative effects and it should be banned completely be bugger off it is hazardous for smokers and non-smokers health, it costs a large amount of property, and too it tends to influence race aroun d us. Firstly, smoking undoubtedly helps many raft to relax. For some, it even improves concentration. Many bulk like to smoke before exams or when they are relaxing with friends. A further point is that governments through with(predicate)out the whole world make huge profits from levying taxes on cigarettes.This provides funds which are used for construction schools, hospitals and separate public amenities. The tobacco industry likewise employs tens of kibibytes of people throughout the world, particularly in poorer countries. Without cigarettes, these people would have no jobs and they will be suffering. However, despite these points, the arguments against smoking are strong. Smoking has been shown to be hazardous to peoples health. Smokers are fetching into their body large amount of toxic such as nicotine, carbon monoxide, and ammonia daily. These chemicals are dangerous to our health.First of all, cigarettes contain 4000 chemicals in it, and 69 of them are know to cause cancer. Smoking too much causes first-hand smokers to get yellow teeth, swollen gum, skin affection, and bad fingernails. They are also known to get headaches, lung cancer and bad breath much more easily than nor-smokers do. Years ago, millions of people died of lung cancer because of smoking. It was a dreadful scene. Those families were sad and they went bankrupt because of the amount of money they spent on treating their love ones illness, while they were sick in the hospital. Smoking can cause damage to the respiratory system and circulative system.Furthermore, people who smoke get heart attacks and their kidneys no longer function properly. About 400 thousand Americans die each year, and 5. 4 million die globally from smoking related disease. The most mutual illness causing deaths are respiratory disease such as, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart disease like high roue pressure and heart attacks. From x-rays results, a smokers hearts is kno wn to be much darker than a non-smokers heart. The most amazing part about a smoker is that he knows that it is terribly hazardous to him, yet he continues killing himself slowly.Cigarettes contain nicotine which is an addictive substance and that is why it is profound for smokers to stop smoking. Smokers are occasionally outside smoking, making the people beside him or her evanesce in smoke too. These people are known as second-hand smokers or non-smokers. When second-hand smokers breathe in first-hand smokers smoke, they also get badly harmed by it. Cigarette does not just harm the people who smoke, they also harm the people who are near them and breathe the smoke. Non-smokers do not like to breathe polluted transmission line they feel annoyed when someone around them smokes.For instance, if you are trying to enjoy a meal in a restaurant, and you suddenly inhale the smoke from your neighbor you will feel uncomfortable. Studies show that exposure to cigarette smoke for as littl e as thirty minutes a day can chew up a non-smokers risk of suffering a heart attack. Children are universe harmed by first-hand smokers and it is unfair. Childrens lives are being put at risk every day because people make the bad decision to smoke. When children breathe in cigarette smoke, they have an increased risk for childhood illnesses such as asthma and ear infections. It is also harmful to pregnant women and unborn children.If the health of a pregnant smoker is not becoming for her to quit smoking, then the health of her baby should be. Smoking during pregnancy affects you and your babys health before, during, and after your baby is born. The nicotine (the addictive substance in cigarettes), carbon monoxide, and numerous other poisons you inhale from a cigarette are carried through your bloodstream and go directly to your baby. Another reason why smoking should be banned is because it helps to retain money for better use. Many people who smoke cigarettes are not even awa re of how much they spend on cigarettes every month.Depending on how much people smoke, it can run up to a couple of hundred dollars per month. People spend lots of money on buying cigarette. If people are not allowed to smoke, they gradually reduce the number of cigarette they smoke thereby, saving lots of money. All the money they spend in buying cigarettes can be saved and used for something much more all important(predicate) and useful like paying off a loan or a saving for a childs education. After all, we can better our society by educating the future generation to be financially sound and debt-free. Just try stopping smoking cigarette you will be strike how much amount of money will be saved.Finally, another reason why smoking should be banned is because smokers tend to influence people around them. For instance, when your son or daughter sees you smoking, he or she would become interested in trying it thereby he or she may be hook to it and that makes him or her become sm oker. Same thing goes with a teenager, who just entered high school, and he sees his teacher smoking, or even at work when your colleagues see you smoking, he might be influenced too especially when the smoker gives it so much importance and glorifies it like it is the best thing to do.This definitely has an impact on the elbow room a person thinks about smoking, and more often, leads people to begin smoking. As you can see, smoking causes a lot of problems in our society. The reasons why smoking should be banned is because it is dangerous for smokers health and non-smokers health, it helps to save a lot of money and it tends to influence other people around. What people dont realize is that they have the power to control, and stop the terrible habit that affects them and millions of people across the globe.If smoking is banned, the feed that smokers eat will begin to taste better, their sense of smell will return to normal and they will gradually be able to exercise or do normal chores such as taking out the trash without loss of breath and wheezing, their blood pressure becomes lower, the carbon monoxide level in their blood drops to normal, coughing and shortness of breath decrease and the lung cancer death rates will reduce and people will be able to save a lot of money. If smoking is banned, the environment would be a better, and a safer place to live for us and our future generations.Overall, I think the world would be a better place without cigarettes. I suggest the government take immediate action and stop the expand of smoke from coming out of a persons mouth and make them happy and invincible from smoke Therefore, cigarette smoking should be banned in the same way as other illegal drugs. REFERENCE Rachael Rettner. (2013, January, 25). Should cigarette smoking be illegal. Retrieved from http//www. foxnews. com/health/2013/01/25/should-cigarettes-be-illegal/ Andy Phan. (2011, July). Should Cigarette Smoking Be Banned. Retrieved from http//www. tudy mode. com/essays/Should-Cigarette-Smoking-Be-Banned-707870. html Tom Head. (2009). Should cigarettes be made illegal. Retrieved from http//civilliberty. about. com/od/drugpolicy/i/cigarettes_ban_2. htm S Chapman, R Borland, M Scollo, R C Brownson, A Dominello, and S Woodward. (1999, July). The impact of smoke-free workplaces on declining cigarette consumption in Australia and the coupled States. American Journal of Public Health July 1999 Vol. 89, No. 7, pp. 1018-1023. Retrieved from http//ajph. aphapublications. org/doi/abs/10. 2105/AJPH. 89. 7. 1018

Lakota Hills

Challenges and advantages of developing a specialty food line of credit The specialty food business washstand be rewarding and exciting, but it can also be a real struggle. Specialty foods can range from salad dressing to chocolate sauce to fragrant dirty moneys. If you can make it, you can sell itprovided you know how. The specialty food business is more rough trade than cooking, getting your product on the shelves and thusly off again into customers shopping carts. You can face up at it in two ways, when some people go grocery shopping they want not unspoilt a can of soup but something special. But other hand in an age when actually few capture the time to stay home and bake cookies, put up preserves or pickles, or spend hours over that simmering pot of soup or spaghetti sauce, most of us exhaust the supermarket shelves for take-home ripe(p)ness. So if youre renowned among family and friends for your famous chili or killer brownies or champagne jelly, then the specialt y foods business might be your piece of pie.The advantages to this business are that its creative and challenging, and if you consider in your product, it can be extremely rewarding. Besides the ability to whip up a toy with souffl or sorbet, youll need a subject fielding knowledge of safe food-handling practices, health regulations and product liability laws. A flair for food packaging is also a mustnobodys going to buy your delightful Danishes if they look dumpy.AdvantagesBeing your own boss. Creating your own work environment hours, flexibility, etc. Doing something in which you believe Reaping the benefits of hard work and long hours directly. Variety, challenges, and opportunities for creativity, full use of knowledge More open earning and growth potential Satisfaction of a winnerful venture, a product well received EmpowermentDisadvantagesRisk of failure Time Commitment 60-70 hrs per calendar week is normal Financial strain as assets become tied to business start up and su ccess Strain on family due to financial and lifestyle change Emotional burnout Unavoidable business roles/requirements youd rather not fill Rejection of your product by consumersIs their current strategy the best way to embodiment Lakota hills? Yes, their current strategy will work in the initial stages to grow into a profitable business. alike targeting specialty stores, chain supermarkets and targeting retail segment with consumer educational plan. How might they integrate other channels into their overall selling model? Marketing is the key for specialty food business. With the right amount of advertising and educating the consumers about the products, Lakota hills will be able to convince other channels too like food brokers and ego distributing retailers.They should still continue to target specialty stores, arts and crafts festivals, farmers markets, events to reach more consumers and first time buyers. And they should also start mail orders, individual mail orders and onl ine sales. If they choose the mail order route, Lakota Hills should develop their own get off list by having everyone who purchases their products or show interest to purchase at flea markets, festivals or other events stain a guest book with address lines. Another option is to place small magazine ads so customers can order products by mail. How will Lakota Hills make money?By increasing the fry bread sales. They should start considering Adding new line of related Native American products Creating online presence and sales Providing recipes to the consumers They should work towards creating themselves as a brand instead of a productAs an angel investor, would you participate in the round this venture is pursuance? Yes, I will be interested to participate in the venture. Because Lakota Hills has built up a good reputation, their business plan and financial projection looks promising. I will suggest targeting online sales if I have to invest. Online presence is the best way to rea ch millions of consumers.

Ap Bio- Lab 1: Osmosis and Diffusion

AP Biology 16 April 2013 research laboratory 1 Osmosis and Diffusion The purpose of this experiment is to decide which flaskfuls correspond to the solute concentration of saccharose, which atomic number 18 0. 8M, 0. 6M, 0. 4M, 0. 8M. This can be determined by the usage of white potato vine affections. If a potato malls mass decreases later on a day soaked in the saccharose solution, then that flask get out have a high gear concentration of sucrose. A) The first step in this lab would be cut out foursome cores of a potato and measure the masses of for each one individual potato piece. The mass of the potato core would be a vari fitted factor in this experiment.A way that this variable can be manipulated would be each group would be assigned to a specific potato core mass. A controlled variable in this lab would be to pour a certain amount of sucrose solution from a flask into a breaker. An example would be pour 200ML from flask A into a beaker labeled A, 200ML from flask B into a beaker labeled B, and etc. Next, put 1 potato core in each beaker A, B, C, and D. Leave the cores in the flasks for a day. After leaving the potato cores to soak in the solutions for a intact day, take out the potato cores.Measure the final mass of each potato core and record this data. Afterwards, presage the percent change in mass. To calculate the percent change in mass, use this formula (mass sign mass final) / (mass initial) x 100%. Measure the data results of the percent change of mass in grams. To bespeak a visual picture of the percent change in mass, graph it. This will help in seeing the sucrose molarity among the solutions. To finish, share data with other groups and compare results among one another to fix an average of all of the results.This will verify that the results acquired were incorrect or correct. B) My hypothesis was that if a potato cores mass decreases after a day soaked in the sucrose solution, then that flask will have a high concentration of sucrose. Due to this, I would expect that the potato cores in the 0. 4M, 0. 6M, and 0. 8M sucrose solutions will lose mass. Considering this, the percent change in mass will be negative. In contrast, I would expect that the potato cores in the 0. 2M sucrose solution will gain mass. As a result of that happening, their percent change in mass will be positive.C) Considering the principles of osmosis and diffusion, these would be reasons on wherefore I have these high expectations of my results. In osmosis, water moves through a selectively permeable tissue layer from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. This selective membrane precisely allows certain types of molecules to flow through while other molecules are not able to. In diffusion, molecules are in constant motion and move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In this experiment, the potato core will act like a selectively permeable membrane.In the 0. 2M sucr ose solution, the sucrose will not be able to go through the selectively permeable membrane because the sucrose molecules are too big to go through the passages of the membrane. It will, however, allow water molecules to go through the passages of the selectively permeable membrane due to diffusion. Water molecules will be able to pass the selectively permeable membrane because there will be a lower concentration of water in potato then the outside, making the water flowed into the potato core.By this happening, it would make the potato core gain mass. In the high sucrose solutions, such as the 0. 8 solution, the sucrose will still not be able to go through the selectively permeable membrane because of the size of the sucrose molecule. The factor that makes these high sucrose solutions different is the result of having a high sucrose molarity. Having a high sucrose molarity will make the water from the potato cores move out. This would ultimately make the potato cores in high sucros e solutions lose mass.

Notes for Driving

When you become a leadr you be part of the dodging. This system is the course Transportation establishment (HTS) 3 parts to the HTS 1- good deal 2- Vehicles t reach up ensemble types 3- Road g everywhithernment agencys The goal of the HTS is to move bulk and cable rail focus political machinego from wizard place to a nonher in a safe, efficient, and economical manner. How is the HTS regulated? By local, state, and federal government agencies. The federal government established the National Highway Safety Act. All agencies enforce the reaping guidelines set up forth in this act. 1- Vehicle code the laws that contri providede been sounded Assure that these laws argon obeyed 3- repulse vehicle departments set the rules to assure that driver and vehicle standards ar met 4- Rules for the courts to go by for guilty or innocent 5- Engineers plan, build, and maintain itineraryways The brainish task This involves solely of the social, physical and psychic skill s required to drive. You essential cave in habits to perform these tasks with low- trys results. Habits you MUST develop 1- Using humpledge and visual skills 2- observe en expelly duty laws 3- Judging time and plaza Anticipating how your motor simple machine volition react under linguistic rule and emergency sit arounduations SOCIAL SKILLS You moldinessiness be able to drive piece of music immerseacting with new(prenominal) people discretion and cooperation pull out low-risk effort possible PHYSICAL SKILLS You essential to radiation diagram and develop the skills filmed to drive, until they become a habit. MENTAL SKILLS Decision- reservation is a mental skill you estimate at to develop in order to be a safe, low-risk driver. Developing the IPDE System into your effort force. I identify important information in the oncoming scene. P c whole up when and where possible points of conflict go forth develop.Comp ar and Contrast operate in the Winter and Driving in the SummerD purpose when, where, and how to pass off, localize be permit haste, and/or flip position to invalidate conflict. E execute the rectify action to stuff conflict. There atomic number 18 both other systems that shtup defend up you in the IPDE system 1- The Smith System helps develop disciplineing habits 2- The Z peerless Control System helps you manage the put roughly your gondola gondola elevator motorcar. You destiny to develop the system attack to become a defensive driver. This result help you over deed your risks and keep on you and others from wild situations. Your Driving Responsibilities operate IS A PRIVILEGE NOT A RIGHTThe privilege is based on the assertion that you pass on be a responsible concern citizen and obey the traffic laws. ATTITUDE Your attitude toward hotheaded as advantageously as life affects your willingness to develop the habits submited to be a safe driver. way of lifeway RAGE What is it and wh at ca roles it Break takes in the HTS. These occur when any part of the HTS does non add wellhead. Collision occurs when a vehicle has a problem and discovers a nonher object. Which is much than than correct? Collision or Accident? An accident is some social occasion that happens by chance a strike is something that has a predictable cause. The most common cause for a collision isDRIVER ERROR (P. 9) Causes of deaths A major cause of vehicle deaths is LACK OF EXPERENCE Social and Economical deprivation Collisions cause social and economical loss by property constipations (p10) time away from take to the woods or school medical fees insurance premiums Your financial responsibilities. vehicle think costs fuel, maintaince, and insurance. Any damage that you cause sequence driving. Your environmental responsibilities. air and body of water pollution chemical spills land pollution What you shoot to do 1- maintain your vehicle buy fuel efficient vehicles 3- use f uel efficient driving practices 4- recycle materials you ignore 5- car pool or use public transportation when you croupe 6- work with the government to encourage use of energy-efficient driving DRIVERS LICENSE Most of the time young drivers simply kick the bucket under ones skin mistakes from inexperience. 41% of young people killed in collisions died in single car collisions. enamour YOUR LICENSE IN SC The Graduated Licensing System 1- Permit ignore drive with an adult freedomd driver must work permit for 6 months (180 days) must log at least 40 hours of driving at night 2- Intermediate (restricted) must bugger off had a permit for 180 days and boomd a drivers education course passel drive from dawn til dusk by yourself drive at night with a attestd adult limited number of passengers must non fuck off into a collision or pitch any violation for 180 days. Violators knead the c immure backface to zero. Repeated violations could land you in traffic school. 3 - Full License unrestricted driving as related to time of day you give the axe drive alone.Organ wear offor Program You whitethorn charge on your license that you regard to be an organ donor. IMPLIED CONSENT PROGRAM (LAW) When you signalise your license in SC you off block up an officer the castigate to test your blood alcohol content (BAC). If you refuse the test you will nod off your driving privilege. WHY DO YOU TAKE A DRIVERS EDUCATION COURSE Chapter 2 Signs, points, and Roadway Markings Traffic Signs There argon trey types 1- Regulatory harbor traffic flow 2- warn alerts of a possible jeopardy or highway condition 3- Guide give attention parry Signs This is the only red, octagon sign we have.You must come to a COMPLETE(full) drive out at this sign. Four-way double backs rules you pick out to follow 1- The low gear one agreeped collars to go first 2- If 2 cars get there at the alike time, the car on the refine(a) gets to go first 3- If 2 cars get there together and argon a swing out from individu solelyy other, the car traveling straight goes first 4- If 3 or 4 cars get there together, one needs to enter the inter motion to turn in intent, but with caution 5- ALWAYS sum up THE INTERSECTION BEFORE ENTERING IT Yield Signs This is the up flaw down triangle red and lily- cleanYou must bear others in the crosswalk or approaching the ford to go first forward you. This is called giving the set of way. Right of way is given, not taken. p. 2 Speed Limit Signs These atomic number 18 white, mostly rectangles, with black writing. They indicate what the safest maximum belt a yearn for that pass in IDEAL conditions. elementary Speed Laws state that when conditions ar not IDEAL you must not travel winged than what is safe for the conditions. Advisory Speed Limits argon set for indisputable sections of the passagewayway. Once you have piddleed that section you may resume the posted speed limit.Warning Signs These ar yellow signs that warn you of upcoming conditions in the roadway. Most ar diamond shaped with black symbols. civilise Signs indicate where school partitions and crossings atomic number 18. They are shaped like a house (pentagon). No Passing Signs are placed sooner where the roadway begins to narrow. Construction Signs indicate where eddy regularizes are. They are orange signs with black symbols and letter. pressure Signs There are devil types of squeeze signs a yellow circle with a black X and two Rs as well as black and a white cross with black rail line crossing letters.The yellow sign indicates you are approaching a railroad crossing and the white X indicates where the railroad tracks begin. p. 3 Guide Signs These signs mark routes, intersections, work theatres, and other points of interest. Route signs are local, state, U. S. and interstate markers. US = white shield on a black sign with black s State = white square with black s and letters Interstate = red and blue shield with white letters and s Even s = east and west Odd s = north and south 3 numbered route that begins with an odd goes into a metropolis 3 numbered route that begins with an even goes round a city ( beltway) Other guide signs are ballpark = give information on destinations and standoffishnesss Blue = roadway service information (hospital H) Brown = recreation areas and points of interest TRAFFIC SIGNALS Include traffic flatboats, arrows, flashbulb sign of the zodiacs, pass signals, and pedestrian signals. Traffic weaks are red, parking area, and yellow. Red = stop Green = proceed by dint of the intersection if it is clear to do so. lily-livered = slow and stop if you undersurface do so safely. Right turn on red and unexpended over(p) turn on red. When can you do it. p. 4 Flashing signals Red action it as a stop signYellow treat it as a supply sign Arrows tell you the steerage in which your track must travel. Green = proceed if it is clear to do so Yellow = yield and stop if possible Red = Stop only in that agency Lane Signals these whites will tag on the management of traffic in a certain lane to control the need for traffic flow. prosaic Signals allow walkers to cross at an intersection safely. walk dont walk When a patrol officer is standing in the intersection, their directions overrule any signal. Roadway markings These are yellow or white lines as well as arrows, stop lines and crossings. scurvy Yellow Line = separates two-way traffic and you may pass when it is clear to do so. solid Yellow Lines = separate two-way traffic and you are not allowed to pass. overlap unloosen Lanes = you may enter and wait until it is clear in the first place you turn go forth hand across traffic. Broken White Line = separates traffic traveling the same direction. You may pass if it is clear to do so. Solid White Line = indicates the right status of the road and should not be crossed. White Arrows = indicate which direction you are allowed to travel in that particular lane. Rumble Strips Lane Reflectors Yellow Curb Markings Chapter 3 Basic Vehicle ControlsINSTRUMENT PANEL Speedometer tells you how fast you are loss Tachometer tells you how many revolutions your engine makes in one minute Odometer tells you how distant your car has traveled in its lifetime Fuel venture tells you how much gas is in your gas tank Temperature gauge or light warns you when the coolant in your engine is to a fault hot Oil pressure warning light or gauge warns you when the oil is not circulating at the proper pressure Alternator warning light or gauge tells you there is a problem with your electrical system, the alternator is not generating enough electricity to keep the engine runningBrake system warning light tells you 1st that your pose halt is engaged and 2nd that there is a problem in your braking system Antilock braking system light tells you that your ABS is working properly Safety belt light reminds you to fasten your safety belt Air handgrip warning light tells you that your air bags are working properly Turn signal indicators tells you which direction that you have indicated you are outlet to turn. Most are small green arrows. High spear indicator tells you that your high beam head lights are on, blue light. VEHICLE CONTROLS Steering rotate controls the direction of the motion wheels.Turn right to go right and turn left hand to go left. Steering wheel tolerance lever can tilt the wheel up and down Selector lever lets you put the car in a gear. Either on the counselling column or in the center console. adapt shift lever lets you put a manual transmission car into a gear. Ignition appetiser switch you start the engine by putting the key into the ignition switch. Page 42 feeling or positions Cruise control lets you set and maintain a certain speed. Parking pasture brake keeps the car in place when it is pose. Locations? Clutch pedal point is in a manua l transmission car, is located to the left of the foot brake and s pushed down (in) to change over gears. Foot brake pedal push the pedal down to slow and stop the car. Also makes the brake light on the back of your car light up. Accelerator pedal Located to the right of the brake pedal, push it down to get the car to go faster, release the pedal to get the car to slow down. SAFETY, COMMUNICATION & COMFORT DEVICES Safety belts always digest you puke belt when your car is in motion. It will help protect you from injury in a collision. Head restraints padded devices that help prevent head injuries in collisions. Inside and outside rearview mirrors these mirrors help you memorise what is behind your car ithout turning around and facial expressioning. Blind spots are the areas that your mirrors do not show you. Horn located on the focussing wheel. Hazard flasher control located on the steering wheel or control panel. Turns on both sets of turn signals when engaged. Windshie ld wipers and washers one switch for both usually, it turns on your wipers and squirts water onto your windshield to clean off the dirt. Light switch controls the headlights, taillights, side marker lights, putz panel, license plate and dome light. Hood release lever located on the left side under the instrument panel, pull to release he hood, then go out and easy by releasing the forward latch. Heater, air conditioner, and defroster heating and air conditioner warm and cool the car passenger area and the defroster keeps the windows clear of moisture. Sun visors located above the windshield, pull down to block the sun. throne adjustment lever usually at eh lower front or left side of the seat. GETTING READY TO DRIVE Outside Checks 1- Walk around the car looking for obstructions and spills. 2- Glance at the wash ups. 3- Where are the front wheels pointed. 4- Make sure that the windows are clean and clear. Lights also. Check back window ledge for spile obstructions. 6- L ook inner(a) for any un necessityed passengers. Getting into the car 1- Have your keys ready, especially if you enter from the road side. 2- Walk around the front of your car and back to the door facing traffic. 3- Get in quickly, lock the doors and put the key in the ignation. Inside Checks 1- Lock the doors 2- Adjust your seat and steering wheel so that you are well-nigh 10 inches from the wheel 3- Your detainment should be able to reach the steering wheel with your elbows approximately bent and you should be able to reach the pedals with your knees slightly bent. Your head restraint should be alter to hit the middle of your head. 5- Adjust your rear view mirror and side mirrors 6- Fasten seat belts. DRIVING AN AUTOMATIC VEHICLE Gear selector lever positions P = park transmission is locked in this position. R = reverse used for backing up (backup lights) N = neutral allows the wheels to roll without engine power D = drive moves your car forward (overdrive) Low (L1, L2 or 1,2) = allow you to put more than power to the wheels at lower speeds Starting the Engine 1- make sure that the position brake is set 2- gear selector is in park dont press the throttle valve (fuel injection) 4- Turn the key to ON and then START. Release the key when the engine starts 5- Check your gauges, lights and fuel level CHAPTER 4 Managing Risks with the IPDE Process The IPDE Process all(prenominal) driver uses some kind of edge to help them drive. Those who dont, have a higher risk of collisions. The IPDE process helps reduce these risks. Risk can cause collisions. Factors that contribute to this risk are the driver, the vehicle, the roadway and the environment. Driver-contributed factors adjusting the receiving set being angry or upset blurred vision grooming driving while imbibing cell phones If you are doing one or more of these and the driver you meet is doing one or more of these then you are increasing your risk. You can control what you do but you cant be sure somewhat what the other driver is doing. Vehicle-contributed factors bald tires bad brakes dirty windshield upset(a) or burnt out headlights have on out wiper blades Roadway and environment-contributed factors bright sun construction dark shadows snow or ice sharp cut backsGood drivers make an effort to lower these risks if at all possible. Taking care of your vehicle and practicing a process, such as the IPDE, you can lessen your risks while you drive. The IPDE process Safe driving depends of your ability to see and analyze traffic situations correctly. The driving task is mostly a thinking task. When you are not thinking about your task of driving you maturation your risk of a collision. By development the IPDE process you can develop the habits that allow you to drive more effectively while thinking of other things. The four parts of the IPDE, identify, predict, decide and execute.The IPDE process can be enhanced with the assist of The Smith System Aim Hig h Get the big picture Keep your eyes sorrowful Leave yourself a way out Make sure they can see you As well as the Zone Control System See a zone change Check other zones Create time and space by get the best speed control, lane position, and communication direct you must know when to look, where to look, how to look and what to look for. The sooner you can choose to identify the correct things the more time you will have to react.The Zone Control System aids you in this. You have sixsome zones around your car, each zone is about the width of a lane and extend as far as the driver can see. (pic. 65) An open zone is a space you can drive without a restriction to your line of sight or your intended lane of travel. Your target area is the section of the road that is the center of your intended path. Far out there, up the road. A closed zone would be an area that your car can not go into without conflict. Book example is a red traffic light. You have to react to the light. The sooner you identify the closed zones the more time you have to respond.You should develop searching habits in three ranges 1- your target area range as far as you can see 2- 12-15 indorsement range 12 to 15 sec. in front of you 3- 4-6 second range where your car will be in 4-6 seconds How to develop an Orderly Visual Search Pattern steps on page 67 Your Field of Vision affects how you search. Most people have a field of vision which covers about 90 degrees to each side or 180 degrees total. Central Vision is what you are focusing on, its about 10 degrees. Peripheral Vision is the rest of your field of vision that is not in focus.When you are see the scene you need to Aim High in Steering. This center to look down the road, into your target area, and not just in front of your car. You also need to keep your eyes moving, this helps you plane the scene. If you put all of these scanning methods together you will Get the Big Picture. What do you need to look for? Look for ope n zones you motivation to look for things that could cause the open zone to close. Look for other users look for anyone who could affect your path of travel. Ground viewing look at the vehicle approaching for clues that they will come into your path.Look for roadway consumes and conditions intersections, hills, curves, width of the road (multilane to single lane, change in width of lane, surface & fortuitys) Look for traffic controls know where controls are located at different times and places. Predict once you have identified, you need to predict how the feign might affect your path of travel. How you go through the predicting process will help determine how the hazard may affect you. Learning how to look at a situation is important. You must identify all possible hazards to determine what each one may do. Knowledge of driving laws and this class will help you predict.You know what the driver is supposed to do and how they are supposed to react to certain traffic situati ons. You must however make yourself spring up leading of time for situations that could occur. Play the head games at times. The main thing that makes you a better predictor is EXPERENCE. You cant get it if you dont experience it. The two things that you must be able to predict are the actions of other vehicle users and the way your car is going to react in situations. When predicting the actions of others you need to look at their path of travel, the actions they may make, do I have an open zone? , and where might the point of conflict be?Predicting the reactions of your vehicle is the easiest of this process. You should know what condition your car is in, how are the tires, how soon can I stop, etc. Decide Once you have identified and predicted what may happen, you now need to decide what you need to do. Maintain, swerve, brake, speed up, or just communicate with my lights or horn. You may decide to change your speed. You can avoid conflicts by maintaining, slowing down, or spe eding up. To make a change in direction you need to look at your zones. emphasize to leave yourself a way out or cushion so you are able to move into that area without conflict.You may also avoid conflict by changing you position in your lane. You may need to be centered, slightly left or slightly right in your lane. If you decide that all you need to do is communicate with the other driver you may do this by your lights, horn, car position or eye contact. You want to try to minimize your number of hazards by separating the hazards. Sometimes you are going to have to pick the hazard that will possibly do the least amount of damage. This is compromising space. Give way to the big motorhand truck swerving into your lane. Execute- Once you make your decision you need to execute it. Remember, DONT second compute yourself.The three areas that you have execution control over are speed control, steering, and communication. The impenetrableest thing when driving is how so I handle multi ple conflicts that occur? Being able to use the IPDE process effectively takes practice and time. You are not as good at using it today as you will be next week. You will learn how to use the IPDE process selectively. This means that you start one process and something else will come up that makes you begin the process all over again. Remember this You used the IPDE Process acquiring to this class today and you will use it again going to every class you take today.Chapter 5 Natural Laws and Car Control In this chapter you will learn about gravity and energy of motion, clangor and traction, stopping hold and controlling the force of partake. Gravity Gravity is the force that pulls you to the earth. Going up and down hills in a car you can feel the pull of gravity. You need to be able to adjust your driving to accommodate for this pull. The point at which your cars weight is evenly distributed is called the center of gravity. The lower the center of gravity, the better the handlin g of the car. Energy of Motion Energy of motion is called kinetic energy.What you must see about this energy is the way it will affect your driving. The faster your vehicle is moving, the more energy you have, the heavier it weighs, the more energy of motion it has. Two important facts to know 1- Your energy of motion multiply when the weight multiply 2- Your energy of motion sum ups by the square when your speed increases by a certain amount. ( speed doubles energy quadruples) If your energy of motion increases your stopping outgo will also go up that amount. clangoring and Traction Friction is the force that keeps your tires from sliding on the road.Traction makes it possible for your vehicle to grip the road for you to change speed and direction. The grooved surface of the tire is called the tread. This tread cuts through the water on the road allowing your tire to grip the road. As the amount of tread decreases, the amount of traction also decreases. If the tire tread get s worn almost completely off (bald tire) the possibility of a blowout becomes great. A blowout is when the tire loses all pressure at once. The way your tire is inflated also determines how much of the tire tread is pitiful the road. An under inflated tire causes the tread to disturbance in the middle.An over inflated tire causes the tire tread to only touch in the middle (like a balloon) Things that could reduce the traction you have are 1- bad tires 2- bad shocks 3- faulty steering system 4- road surfaces Checking for traction while you are driving can be done but must be done carefully. look into rear zone brake gently for response if you dont slow down reduce speed Driving on curves can be very tricky. The energy of motion tries to keep your car in a straight line but the traction from the tires pulls you around the curve. Driving around curves Speed reduce your speed to avoid skids 2- Sharpness the sharper the curve the more traction you will need to go around it. 3- B anked most curves are banked, this helps prevent your car from wanting to stay in a straight line. 4- lade The heaver the load or weight of your vehicle the more friction it is going to take to get through the curve. Stopping Distance Total Stopping Distance the distance your car travels while you are making a stop. Total stopping distance is made up of three parts 1- perception distance 2- reaction distance 3- braking distance Look at the chart on page 98.To estimate the distance you need to stop you can use the four second rule. pick a spot in the road, a sign or driveway When the car in front of you reaches that point begin counting, one-thousand one, one-thousand two If your car gets to that same point after you reach one-thousand four you have enough space to stop if you need to. Factors that affect youre stopping distance Speed the higher the speed the longer the distance Car condition worn out tires, etc need more distance Surface rain, snow, ice, dirt, leaves & gravel increase the distance Driver ability if distracted or impaired you increase the distance ABS helps when stopping while turning Hills up or down hills shortens or lengthens the distance Loads the weight of your vehicle, heavier takes longer. Force of match The force at which a moving object hits another object is force of impact. Force of impact is determined by 1- Speed 2- Weight 3- Distance between impact and stopping Safety Belts When you are in a collision, three collisions actually take place. First the car hits an object and stops.Second, you hit the inside of the car or a restraining device (seat belt) Third, your body organs slam against your skeleton or each other. There are two types of restraining devices 1- restraining devices seat belts 2- passive restraining devices air bags (automatic) Air Bags Air bags deploy automatically. They are there to protect your life. When an air bag deploys it comes out at a speed over two hundred mph. Air bags are designed to work with the seat belts. Just relying on the air bag will not save your life. To avoid the air bag injuring your arms or shoulders you need to keep your hands about 9 and 3 or a little below.You dont want to sit too close to the air bag, 10 away is good. Tilt your steering wheel to deploy the bag at your chest and not your face. Of course, child seats need to be in the rear seat or facing away from the air bags. Some air bags now have a feature that senses the weight of the person in the seat and will deploy in two stages. Some vehicles have switches for you to turn the passenger air bag off. Other protective devices in vehicles today n reflexive seat belts n Front and rear crush areas n Energy absorbing bumpers n emplacement door beams n Reinforced windshields Energy absorbing steering wheel and column n cushioned dash n Child seats built in n Head restraints Chapter 6 execute Basic Vehicle Maneuvers STEERING Straight forward hands should be at a light spot, look ahead a nd avoid looking at your feet and hands. You need to pay attention to what is approaching you. Try to avoid over or under-steering over-steering is when you make too sharp of a turn and you weave from side to side under-steering is when you dont turn the wheel enough to keep it on its intended path. When you are trying to back a straight line (driving test skill) you need to keep the brake press and put the car in reverse 2- turn your body to the right, put your right arm over the back of the passenger seat and look out of the back window. 3- Place your left hand at 12 oclock on the steering wheel 4- Release your pressure on the brake enough to get moving 5- Adjust your position by turning the wheel in the direction that you wish to go 6- Keep you foot over the brake (covering) and take quick glances to the front and sides checking for traffic. When you wish to stop keep looking out of the back window until you have come to a complete stop. SIGNALINGMake it a habit to signal your i ntent every time you plan to turn or stop. You must use your turn signals when you are making a left or right turn, changing lanes, & force over to the side of the road. Make sure that you know the hand signals for when you are driving. Left arm out and angled up = right turn Left arm out and pointing straight out = left turn Left arm out and angled down = braking You need to remember to signal previous(predicate) but not too early. CHANGING LANES You must be able to make the lane change smoothly and safely each and every time. Try to get the steering down. You dont want to over or understeer. Steps for a lane change Check traffic in front and to the side in which you are going to move into 2- Signal your intent and check your dim spot 3- Increase your speed slightly as you steer into the next lane if it is clear to do so 4- Cancel your signal, if it did not do so automatically, and adjust your speed and steering. MAKING TURNS AND TURNABOUTS Two methods for steering your car 1- Hand over hand 2- Push pull Left and Right Hand Turns You should make a turn only after you have checked traffic. 1- Look for pedestrians and oncoming vehicles check your rear zone for cars getting ready to pass you. Plan well in advance. Put yourself in the correct lane well before the turn. 3- Obey all traffic signals and controls plus roadway markings. When turning left you MUST yield to oncoming traffic. Procedures for turning (page 114) 1- Get in the proper lane 2- Brake early and get to the proper speed 3- Do a visual search 4- Before the crosswalk you should be at about 10 mph 5- spell right you need to check left then right and begin your turn when your front bumper reaches the curve of the watch line. 6- For a left turn check left then right and then left again.Begin your turn when your front bumper gets to the center of the intersection. 7- As you begin your turn check your silver screen spot and turn into the first lane you come to. When you are backing to your left you want to look more over your left shoulder to where you are trying to back. If backing right you want to look over your right shoulder. You will use hand over hand steering and do the visual search before you begin the maneuver. Turnabouts Precautions when you are planning to do a reverting Be sure that local laws permit it Need at least 500 feet of visibility Dont do on hills or curves or within 200 feet of an intersection Should not be done where high-speed traffic or any traffic would be Check all zones while doing the turnabout U-Turn Select your spot and signal right to move over and stop. When the way is clear, turn on your left signal and move into the lane Check your front and left rear zones and your blind spot. Turn the wheel hard left and move through the turn until you have completely turned around. pathway turnabouts Backing into on the right Pull in on the left Pull in on the right Which of these is the safest? Three point turnabout (driving test skill)Check your zones, signal right and pull to the curb (or side of road) and stop Signal left, turn the wheel hard left and pull across the road as far as you can Signal right, put the car in reverse, turn the wheel hard right and back as far as you need to back Signal left, put the car in Drive, turn the wheel hard right and pull forward finishing the turnabout. Parking When you are trying to park you need to have speed control, steering control and accurate judgment. Before parking you need to find a space big enough for your car to get into. Avoid end spaces or beside large trucks or poorly parked vehicles.You need to learn some reference points for parking. You will be exposed to standard reference points, these are for a typical vehicle and driver, and you will learn your personal reference points, ones that you like to use. Angle parking This parking is done diagonally to the curb. Mostly in shopping center parking lots. 1- Check for peds. Position your car about 6 feet from the parked cars . Signal right and begin braking. 2- Check your right blind spot and continue braking. 3- Move forward until you can see the middle of the space without obstructions. Turn your wheels hard right and ease into the space. Straighten your wheels when you are in the center of the space and pull forward as far into the space as you can. Perpendicular parking This parking is when your car is at a right angle to the curb. 1- Set up about 8 feet from the line of parked cars or as far over as you can. Signal right, check your blind spot, and begin braking. 2- Check traffic to the rear and continue braking. 3- Turn hard right when your front bumper passes the back bumper of the car to the left of the parking space. Slowly enter the space and check your rear right to make sure that you have missed the car. Straighten the wheels when you are centered in the space and pull forward. leave both of these spaces (angle and perpendicular) 1- Ease straight back with your foot covering the brake. 2- When your front bumper is even with the rear bumper of the car to your left turn hard right. 3- Back into the nearest lane and straighten your wheels. Put the car in drive and pull away. Parallel parking (driving test skill) This is parking your car parallel to the curb. Select your space that is 5 6 feet longer than your car. 1- While approaching the space, signal right and brake.Stop with your car 2-3 feet away from the car on the right and your back bumper even with the back bumper of the car to the right. Put the car into reverse and check traffic. Turn the wheel hard right and ease into the space. 2- When the back of your seat is even with the back bumper of the car to the right straighten the wheels. Ease straight back into the space. 3- When your front bumper is even with the rear bumper of the car to your right turn the wheels hard left. Ease back looking out of your rear window. 4- When your car is parallel to the curb straighten the wheels and stop.Pull forward and cente r your car in the space. Put the car in park. My cues when we do this in the car Wheels hard right, straight, hard left Reference points back bumpers even, rear of seat even with bumper, front bumper even with the rear bumper, dont hit the barrier. Parking on hills Up hill with a curb turn the wheels left, ease back to touch the curb, engage parking brake, put car in park, turn the car off. Up hill without a curb, Downhill with or without a curb turn the wheels to the right, ease until you touch the curb (if there is a curb), engage the parking brake, turn the car off.Chapter 7 Negotiating Intersections Searching the Intersection When you are approaching any intersection there are things that you need to look for. The main cause of collisions in intersections is the drivers failure to identity a safe path of travel. Clue you need to look for Signs and lights Roadway markings Crossing traffic Park car on the cross street Turning traffic Rows of fences and mailboxes Traffic stoppi ng Power lines Most intersections are + or X, but some are Y or T When you are approaching an intersection you need to check your front zones to make sure that your path of travel in open.Look for anything that may cause your path to close and cause you to change your plans. The closer you get to the intersection the more you need to search your side zones for obstructions. Scan and focus on what may cause you a problem, dont just keep your eyes in constant motion. Once you approach your point of no return you need to continue through the intersection but still scan your zones. Your point of no return is the point at which you can no longer make a safe stop outside of the intersection. Sometimes when you get close to the intersection your path of travel closes do you to need to change lanes.Do this at an intersection only if there is no other option. You are not allowed to legally change lanes within the intersection. If your decision at the intersection is to stop, for what ever r eason, you now need to do the full 180 degree scan before you inter the intersection. Controlled Intersections A controlled intersection is one that has signs or lights that determine the right of way. With signs The two signs that control an intersection are Stop and Yield. At a stop sign you MUST come to a complete stop and at a yield sign you need to slow down and give the right of way to any vehicle in the intersection.At stop signs you need to begin your search of the intersection well back of the stop sign. As you approach you need to scan front, as well as 45 degrees to the right and left for anything that may interfere with your path of travel. Crossing Traffic with a blocked view Search your front and rear zones, look for pedestrians and prepare to make your legal stop at the sign, ease up to the intersection and stop again, scan for obstructions and inter the intersection only when it is clear for you to go through the intersection without conflict. (7 sec gap) Joining tr affic right turns Go through the same checks as above. When you get stopped at the sign and cant see, ease up until you can without going into the intersection and stop again. Look for a gap of at least 7 seconds. When you have a clear path make your turn and accelerate keeping the car about 4 feet from the side of the road. Joining traffic left turns Do your scans as with the other approaches. Stop at the sign and pull forward and stop again before entering the intersection. When the way is clear (7 sec gap) move forward and recheck your zones. Accelerate into the proper lane and adjust your steering.Light Controlled Intersections When you are approaching an intersection controlled by lights you need to use your IPDE process to determine what the intersection will be like when you reach it. How may the lights change your path of travel? Stale Green Light this Is a light that has been green for a while, expect It to change Fresh Green Light this is a light that has Just turned green, you may still not have a safe path of travel. Check your intended path for obstacles. Yellow Light this is a light that is telling you that the intersection is closing to your traffic lane.If you have reached the point of no return you have to determine whether to proceed through or try to stop, hat can entrance this decision? Red Light at this light you MUST stop. You need to check your rear zones as you apply the brakes. An unprotected left turn is a left turn done at an intersection that does not have a left turn green arrow. You MUST be sure that you can complete the turn before beginning it Protected Left Turns At these turns you will have three things apparent 1- Left turn light, this is an entire light sequence (R,Y,G) to guide you at your left turn. Green arrow appears with the normal light system, when the arrow goes off you simply do not have a protected left turn. 3- Delayed green light at these lights you light is green and the opposing traffic light is stil l red. Turning on Red Light Right on red means that you are allowed to make a right hand turn at a red light AFTER you have made a complete stop and have scanned the intersection. When it is safe to proceed you can make the turn. Left on red is allowed in most states when you are turning left from a one-way street onto a on-way street going to your left.Some states allow this if you are in a left turn only lane (two way traffic) and are turning onto a one way street. A controlled railroad crossing has lights and/or a stop arm. You must come to a complete stop and stay until the lights have stopped flashing and the arm has come up. DO NOT EVER go around the stop arm to cross. Uncontrolled Intersections An uncontrolled intersection is one in which there are no traffic controls. As you approach one of these intersections you MUST expect traffic problems. never wear thin that the other driver will give you the right of way. You must very use your IPDE process as you approach these int ersections.It is best to treat these intersections as yield signs. There are also uncontrolled railroad crossings. Simply slow down, scanning the tracks for trains and do not cross if you see or hear one coming. Determining Right of Way Right of way describes the privilege of having immediate use of a certain part of the roadway. Right of way is GIVEN not taken. You may have to YIELD and allows others to go first in order to be safe. Judging Gaps A gap is the distance between two vehicles. When you are at an intersection you have to make sure that you can successfully get through the intersection. Chapter8 overlap The RoadwayWith Motorcycles About 2000 people a year are killed on rides. The primary reason is there are so many body parts not protected when riding a motorcycle. You MUST use the IPDE process when motorcycles are around. They can hide in spots, they spend longer times in your blind spots and many cyclist take more chances that car drivers do. - -i - -- Prob lem areas in which you need to really look for motorcyclist a vehicle turning left in front of a motorcycle a vehicle turning right at an intersection or into a driveway a motorcycle turning left inblindspots a tailgating motorcyclist one passing you on the right or left clash an oncoming motorcycle When you are going to pass a motorcycle you need to stay well back to avoid shocking the cyclist, use the entire lane to make the pass and wait until you can see them in your rearview mirror to move back over. It is just like passing a vehicle. With Bicycles, Mopeds and Motor Scooters Bicyclist need to remember that when they are on the road they have the responsibility to follow all of the traffic laws just as the other vehicles do. They need to wear a helmet, know the rules for riding on roads as well as idewalks, and wear light colored clothing (especially at night), keep from wearing headphones, and keep their bike in good condition. When you encounter a bike you need to increase your scanning to avoid serious conflict. If you pass a bike you need to follow the same rules as passing a car. Remember that some bicyclist do not have great control over their bike and may swerve or fall into your path. Mopeds and scooters create the same types of problems as bikes do. They are low powered and very small. They are hard to see and the people riding them may not be able to handle them properly.People on mopeds and scooters do not have to have a drivers license but they do have to follow the rules of the road, just as bicyclist and drivers do. Pedestrians Pedestrians are the most vulnerable users of the HTS. It is the drivers responsibility to protect the pedestrians. Children and old people are at most risk. Children do not know about consequences and old people may not hear or see well. When you drive in an area with pedestrians you need to heighten you IPDE usage. Look for pedestrians in areas where you expect to see them. Playgrounds, sidewalks, residential areas , parks, and parking lots.Sharing the roadway with emergency vehicles is a common thing in populated areas. You should yield the right of way to the emergency vehicles when they are traveling with their light and/or sirens on. Simply move to the right side of the road if you can and or to the lane as far to the right as possible. If you have to you can stop but make sure that you are as little a hazard as possible. With Trucks The type of truck you need to really worry about when driving are the big semis (18 wheelers, tractor trailer, transfer). The main reason is that they are sooo big and can do a whole lot of damage to your car in a very little amount of time.These larger trucks make wide right turns. When you are near one and they put on their right turn signal you have to make sure that you are not to their right because the trailer of the truck will turn into your lane when they turn. You need to avoid following these trucks because they have big blind spots which make you ha rd to see. If you can not see their face in the mirror, they can not see your car. Use caution when passing a truck. Because their blind spots are larger you have to make sure that they see you during your pass as well as before your pass.When you meet a large truck on a two lane roadway you need to prepare for the after wave when they go by. The air that they push to the right and left will make your car jump of vibrate. Also on wet roads the trucks will throw up water that will cover your windshield. Simply grasp the steering wheel tightly and steer through the problem. Chapter 9 Driving in Urban Traffic Adjusting to Urban Traffic Two of the main factors that make urban driving difficult 1- Traffic is more dense there are more cars, buses, trucks and pedestrians per mile than on unpolished roads City hazards are closer to you more things are closer to your car than in the country. Mile per mile, city roads have the highest number and variety of hazards. It takes time to do the IPDE process and in cities you dont have as much time to process the information as in the country. When you are on urban streets you have to pay attention and try to identify hazards as early as possible. following Traffic on City Streets Space cushion refers to the space between your car and the car in front of you. If you have a good space cushion you have some advantages 1- You can see further ahead and get the big picture You can be seen better 3- You have more time to do the IPDE process 4- You are in better position to avoid the car in front of you if they stop suddenly. The 3-second following distance. When you are 3 seconds behind you have enough cushion to avoid most collisions in most normal driving situations. 1- Pick out a spot on the road ahead 2- When the car in front gets to that spot begin counting 1001,1002,1003 3- If your car has not gotten to the spot by 1003 you have enough cushion to avoid a collision. If you reach the spot before you get to 1003, you need to back off a little.The faster you are traveling the bigger your space cushion will be. Being Followed on City Streets A tailgater is a vehicle that is following you too closely. The main hazard of a tailgater is that if you have to do a sudden stop they will hit you in the rear. They think that they are saving time by going so fast and getting close to you. If you have a tailgater behind you, you need to increase your following distance so you will not have to react as quickly when a car in front of you makes a sudden stop or move. When you are meeting cars in the city you have to really look ahead for your front zone to close.Oncoming drivers may cross the center line and block your path. Reasons that people cross the center line are 1- driver impairment 2- poor judgment 3- poor visibility 4- lessen space 5- sudden moves for others 6- vehicle failure 7- turning car, buses or trucks 8- double parked vehicles Managing Space on Urban Streets Look ahead try to see at least one block ahead but if you can see farther, look as far as you can but see possible problems. , When you are approaching a traffic light and you first see the light green you need to expect it to change.If you see a green light but the crosswalk light is flashing dont walk you need to anticipate that the light is getting ready to change. NEVER speed through an intersection trying to beat the light. Covering you brake means that you have taken your foot off of the accelerator pedal and have it in front of the brake pedal, but not pushing it down. You are anticipating that you are going to need to brake. This takes away your reaction distance/time if you need to brake suddenly. Riding your brake means that you have your foot on the brake pedal and you are pushing it down slightly.Most people that two foot drive end up riding their brakes. On city streets that have parked cars on your right you need to anticipate that a car door may open when you get to it. To help avoid hitting the door you ne ed to drive about the width of a car door away from parked cars. Chapter 10 Driving in Rural Areas Characteristics of Rural Traffic 82% of all of the roadway miles in the US are considered cracker-barrel roads. When you approach a curve on a rural road with an advisory speed limit, you should be at that posted speed before you enter the curve.Advisory speeds are posted to help keep cars from having a collision on a curve because they entered the curve at too great a speed to control the car. Speed kills on rural roads. Twice as many deaths occur on rural roads as opposed to urban roads. On rural roads in normal (ideal) conditions the 3 second rule for following is sufficient. If you are following another car using the 3 second rule and a car cuts in between you and the other car you need to reestablish your 3 second rule with the new car. The prefatory speed rule states that you should not drive faster than the road or traffic conditions allow you to.It is more difficult to mainta in control of your car at higher speeds. When you are driving on rural roads you are going to encounter slow moving vehicles, animals in the road and oncoming traffic that is close to you. Roadside hazards that you will come across are narrow shoulders, bridges, ditches, guardrails, and trees. You are not going to have as many tailgaters here because of the type of driving you are doing plus there are not as many cars on the road. In rural areas your speed is going to be faster so your IPDE process is affected. At higher speeds you decrease your time to make a decision using the process.So the faster you are driving, the farther you need to look ahead so you can perform the IPDE process. When driving on these roads you may see mailboxes, reflectors on posts, or small utility lines. These are all clues that you are approaching a driveway. When you are driving in the mountains you are going to come to sections of the road that have sharper curves and steeper hills. When you are going down a steep hill you should NEVER shift your car into neutral. If you change gears you need to shift to a lower gear to avoid desirous your brakes. Passing in rural areas is done generally on two lane/two way roads.If you are passing another car you must make sure that you can complete the pass safely and before the passing area ends. When you think that you need to pass another car you need to think before you pass. One main question that you need to ask is, is it safe to pass here? When driving at night on rural roads you are going to encounter car light that pop up from around curves or hills. To avoid being temporarily blinded you need to look to the right side of the road, white line. Chapter 11 Driving on Expressways An motorway is defined as a roadway that has limited-access or controlled-access.Driving on expressways is more dangerous because of the higher speeds and the number of cars. For this reason, collisions on expressways are generally more serious. Expressways have minimum speed limits posted. If you are going below this minimum speed then you are a hazard on the roadway. To drive effectively on expressways you must be willing to cooperate with other drivers. They also have multiple lanes which means that when you change lanes you need to do so one lane at a time. You are driving on an expressway and you need to exit the ramp you need to get off on is totally Mocked by traffic, preventing you from getting over.Wiat should you do? Go to the next exit and come back up the expressway. If you get onto the wrong entrance ramp you should go ahead and get on the expressway and travel to the next exit, get off and turn around. It is NEVER permissible to back up an entrance ramp. The entrance lane has three parts the ramp, the speedup lane and the merging lane. When you are coming down the ramp you need to check for a gap to merge into by looking over your left shoulder as well as into your left mirror. If you are entering an expressway on the entran ce ramp and your way is blocked so that you can not merge onto the road you should avoid stopping.Stopping on the ramp in the acceleration lane can cause a rear end collision. If you are driving in a group of car on an expressway you are driving in a wolf pack. You are driving in the center lane of the expressway and you keep getting passed on the right and left, you should move into the right lane to avoid being a hazard. Highway hypnosis happens when you get lulled into staring while driving. If you stare for long enough you will put yourself to sleep. If you are taking a long trip on expressway you need to plan ahead for food, fuel and rest This will make your trip more pleasant and safe.